Wear-less operation of a material surface with a scanning probe microscope
A method and a scanning probe microscope (SPM) for scanning a surface of a material. The method and SPM have a cantilever sensor configured to exhibit both a first spring behavior and a second, stiffer spring behavior. While operating the SPM in contact mode, the sensor is scanned on the material surface and a first spring behavior of the sensor (e.g. a fundamental mode of flexure thereof) is excited by deflection of the sensor by the material surface. Also while operating the SPM in contact mode, excitation means are used to excite a second spring behavior of the sensor at a resonance frequency thereof (e.g. one or more higher-order resonant modes) of the cantilever sensor to modulate an interaction of the sensor and the material surface and thereby reduce the wearing of the material surface.
1. A method for scanning a surface of a material with a scanning probe microscope (SPM), said SPM having a cantilever sensor, the method comprising:
operating said SPM in contact mode, whereby the cantilever sensor is scanned on said material surface and has a first spring behavior excited at a first resonance frequency by a deflection of said sensor by said material surface; and
exciting a second, stiffer spring behavior at a different resonance frequency from the first resonance frequency during the scanning to modulate an interaction of said sensor and said material surface, wherein said sensor remains in contact with said material surface and the modulation dynamically adjusts contact forces throughout operation.
2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said cantilever sensor is configured such that said deflection by said material surface while operating in contact mode substantially excites a fundamental mode of flexure of said cantilever sensor, thereby providing said first spring behavior, and said step of exciting comprises exciting substantially one higher-order resonant mode or more of flexure of said cantilever sensor, thereby providing said second spring behavior.
3. The method according to claim 2 ,
wherein said cantilever sensor has a body and an end section,
wherein said end section is designed for sensing said material surface and exhibiting flexibility with respect to said body to provide both said first and said second spring behaviors.
4. The method according to claim 3 ,
wherein said end section comprises a capacitive element, and
wherein said step of exciting said second spring behavior comprises applying and modulating a potential between said capacitive element and at least one of said material and an underlying layer, via said excitation means, and at a frequency associated with said higher-order resonant mode.
5. The method according to claim 4 , wherein at said step of exciting said excitation means comprises a radio frequency generator inductively coupled to a bias voltage applied to said material.
6. The method according to claim 5 , wherein said inductive coupling is by means of a high-bandwidth ferrite core transformer.
7. The method according to claim 4 , wherein said end section has a read sensor subsection, said read sensor being adapted for thermoelectrically measuring relative motion of said cantilever sensor with respect to said material surface.
8. The method according to claim 4 , wherein said cantilever end section is terminated by a tip, and said end section area and said tip height are selected to have a Q-factor between 5 and 10.
9. The method according to claim 8 , wherein said cantilever end section has an area greater than 25 μm 2 .
10. The method according to claim 8 , wherein said tip height is less than 5 μm.
11. The method according to claim 2 , wherein a spring constant associated with said first spring behavior is less than 1 N/m, and a spring constant associated with said second spring behavior is greater than 10 N/m.
12. The method according to claim 2 , wherein said step of exciting is performed by a method selected from the group consisting of electromagnetic and piezo-electric.
13. The method according to claim 2 , wherein operating in contact mode further comprises: applying a pull-off force to said cantilever sensor in order to overcome an average, residual attractive force, resulting from said modulation of the interaction of said sensor and said material surface.
14. The method according to claim 2 , wherein said cantilever sensor comprises a first spring and a second spring in series, providing respectively said first and said second spring behaviors, said second spring having a larger spring constant than said first spring, said spring constant associated with said first spring being less than 1 N/m and said spring constant associated with said second spring being greater than 10 N/m.
15. A scanning probe microscope (SPM), capable of operating in contact mode, comprising:
a cantilever sensor having a first spring behavior and a second, stiffer spring behavior, wherein said first spring behavior is excited at a first resonance frequency into a fundamental mode upon deflection of said sensor when scanning a material surface in contact mode,
wherein said second, stiffer spring behavior is excited at a higher order different resonance frequency from the first resonance frequency during the scanning to modulate an interaction of said sensor and said material surface, wherein said sensor remains in contact with said material surface and the modulation dynamically adjusts contact forces throughout operation.
16. The SPM according to claim 15 , wherein said cantilever sensor has a body and an end section, said end section being designed for sensing said material surface and said end section being flexible with respect to the body, such as to provide both said first and said second spring behaviors.
17. The SPM according to claim 16 , wherein said SPM is an atomic force microscopy apparatus.
18. A method for scanning a surface of a material with a scanning probe microscope (SPM), said SPM having a cantilever sensor configured to exhibit both a first spring behavior and a second, stiffer spring behavior, the method comprising:
operating said SPM in contact mode, whereby said sensor is scanned on said material surface and said first spring behavior is excited at a first resonance frequency by a deflection of said cantilever sensor by said material surface exciting a fundamental mode of flexure of said cantilever sensor; and
exciting said second, stiffer spring behavior at a different resonance frequency from the first resonance frequency during the scanning to modulate an interaction of said sensor and said material surface, wherein said sensor remains in contact with said material surface and the modulation dynamically adjusts contact forces throughout operation,
wherein a spring constant associated with said first spring behavior is less than 1 N/m, and a spring constant associated with said second spring behavior is greater than 10 N/m,
wherein said cantilever sensor has a body and an end section,
wherein said end section is designed for sensing said material surface and exhibiting flexibility with respect to said body, such as to provide both said first and said second spring behaviors,
wherein said end section comprises a capacitive element,
wherein said step of exciting said second spring behavior comprises applying and modulating a potential between said capacitive element and at least one of: said material and an underlying layer, and at a frequency associated with said higher-order resonant mode,
wherein at said step of exciting comprises a radio frequency generator inductively coupled by means of a high-bandwidth ferrite core transformer to a bias voltage applied to said material,
wherein said end section has a read sensor subsection, said read sensor being adapted for thermoelectrically measuring relative motion of said cantilever sensor with respect to said material surface,
wherein said cantilever end section is terminated by a tip, and said end section area and said tip height are selected to have a Q-factor between 5 and 10.