Formation and modifications of ceramic nanowires and their use in functional materials
A catalyst-free synthesis method for the formation of a metalorganic compound comprising a desired (first) metal may include, for example, selecting another (second) metal and an organic solvent, with the second metal being selected to (i) be more reactive with respect to the organic solvent than the first metal and (ii) form, upon exposure of the second metal to the organic solvent, a reaction by-product that is more soluble in the organic solvent than the metalorganic compound. An alloy comprising the first metal and the second metal may be first produced (e.g., formed or otherwise obtained) and then treated with the organic solvent in a liquid phase or a vapor phase to form a mixture comprising (i) the reaction by-product comprising the second metal and (ii) the metalorganic compound comprising the first metal. The metalorganic compound may then be separated from the mixture in the form of a solid.
1. A catalyst-free synthesis method for the formation of a metalorganic compound comprising a first metal, the method comprising:
selecting a second metal and an organic solvent, wherein the second metal is selected to (i) be more reactive with respect to the organic solvent than the first metal and (ii) form, upon exposure of the second metal to the organic solvent, a reaction by-product comprising the second metal that is more soluble in the organic solvent than the metalorganic compound comprising the first metal;
producing an alloy comprising the first metal and the second metal;
treating the alloy with the organic solvent in a liquid phase or a vapor phase to form a mixture comprising (i) the reaction by-product comprising the second metal and (ii) the metalorganic compound comprising the first metal; and
separating the metalorganic compound from the mixture in the form of a solid.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second metal has a reactivity with respect to the organic solvent that is at least five times higher than that of the first metal.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the organic solvent is in the form of a liquid; and
the treating is performed at a temperature in the range of about −20° C. to about +200° C.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first metal is selected from the group consisting of Ti, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Al, Zn, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Bi, P, La, Ce, Ca, Mg, Sr, and Be.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the second metal is selected from the group consisting of Li, K, Ca, and Na.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metalorganic compound comprises porous particles.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metalorganic compound comprises elongated particles.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the elongated particles exhibit a width in the range of about 2 nm to about 10 microns, a length in the range of about 50 nm to about 50 mm, and a corresponding width-to-length aspect ratio in the range of about 1:4 to about 1:10,000,000.
9. The method of claim 7 , wherein the metalorganic compound is an alkoxide.
10. The method of claim 1 , further comprising converting the metalorganic compound to a metal oxide compound in the form of elongated particles.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the elongated metal oxide particles are porous.
12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the converting is performed at a temperature in the range of about −20° C. to about +1500° C. in an oxygen-containing environment.
13. The method of claim 10 , further comprising depositing a coating layer on a surface of the elongated metal oxide particles or a precursor thereof.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the coating layer is a metal, a polymer, or a ceramic material.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the coating layer is deposited via chemical vapor deposition or atomic vapor deposition.
16. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
forming elongated particles of the metalorganic compound into a membrane or body; and
converting the elongated metalorganic compound particles into elongated metal oxide compound particles to form a porous oxide membrane or body.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the converting partially bonds at least some of the elongated metal oxide compound particles to each other.
18. The method of claim 16 , further comprising infiltrating the porous oxide membrane or body with a filler material.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the filler material is a metal.
20. The method of claim 18 , wherein the filler material is a glass.
21. The method of claim 18 , wherein the filler material is a polymer.
22. The method of claim 16 , further comprising integrating the porous oxide membrane or body into an electrochemical energy storage device as a separator.
23. The method of claim 22 , further comprising depositing a polymer layer onto the surface of the porous oxide membrane or body.
24. The method of claim 23 , wherein the polymer layer closes the pores of the porous oxide membrane or body to prevent ion transport at temperatures above a threshold temperature in the range of about 70° C. to about 130° C.