Method and apparatus for producing crystalline cladding and crystalline core optical fibers
We provide methods and apparatus for preparing crystalline-clad and crystalline core optical fibers with minimal or no breakage by minimizing the influence of thermal stress during a liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) process as well as the fiber with precisely controlled number of modes propagated in the crystalline cladding and crystalline core fiber via precisely controlling the diameter of crystalline fiber core with under-saturated LPE flux. The resulting crystalline cladding and crystalline core optical fibers are also reported.
1. A method for preparing a crystalline clad and crystalline core optical fiber, comprising:
securing a crystalline fiber core having a refractive index and a first end and a second end in a holder with no or minimized thermally induced stress, wherein the first end of the crystalline fiber core is secured in the holder and wherein the second end is free to move in at least an axial direction of the fiber within the holder;
immersing the crystalline fiber core into at least one molten liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) solution comprising at least one flux material and at least one cladding material until a crystalline cladding layer has formed thereon, said crystalline cladding layer having a lower refractive index than the crystalline fiber core refractive index.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising, prior to the step of immersing the crystalline fiber core, reducing thermally induced stress on the crystalline fiber core by bending the crystalline fiber core in at least one location on the crystalline fiber core.
3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising the molten LPE solution through a 1-dimensional or 2-dimensional mesh bottom support, wherein the molten flux passes through the mesh bottom support and there is a relative movement between the fiber core preform and mesh bottom support along at least the axial direction of the fiber during an LPE growing process, resulting in a uniform cladding growth.
4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising controlling the number of modes propagated in the crystalline cladding and crystalline core optical fiber is controlled steps comprising:
immersing the crystalline fiber core in an under-saturated LPE solution with said at least one flux material to reduce a diameter of the crystalline fiber core until reaching a desired value that matches a desired number of propagated modes, and
immersing the crystalline fiber core in a super-saturated LPE solution with said at least one flux material and at least one cladding material until a crystalline cladding layer that has a lower refractive index than that of fiber core has formed on the crystalline fiber core.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the holder is enclosed in a crucible, wherein said crucible includes a cavity and wherein the cavity contains the at least one LPE solution.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the crucible has a shape that matches the shape of crystalline cladding and crystalline core fiber.
7. The method of claim 5 , wherein at least one of the holder and the crucible has a movement pattern selected from the group consisting of (a) linearly back and forth along the axial direction of fiber core; (b) rotationally back and forth within an angle of +/−90° with respect to the axial direction of fiber, (c) linearly back and forth in a direction perpendicular to the axial direction of fiber; and (d) or the combinations of above.
8. The method of claim 5 , wherein the crucible used to contain the LPE flux solution is made from a material selected from the group consisting of platinum (Pt), platinum-gold (Pt—Au) alloys, platinum-rhodium (Pt—Rh) alloys, iridium (Ir), platinum-iridium (Pt—Ir) alloys, dispersion-hardened platinum, and dispersion-hardened platinum alloys.
9. The method of claim 5 , wherein the holder used to hold the fiber is made from a material selected from the group consisting of platinum (Pt), platinum-gold (Pt—Au) alloys, platinum-rhodium (Pt—Rh) alloys, iridium (Ir), platinum-iridium (Pt—Ir) alloys, dispersion-hardened platinum, and dispersion-hardened platinum alloys.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein said at least one flux material is selected from the group consisting of a lead oxide-boron trioxide mixture (PbO—B2O3), a barium oxide-boric oxide-barium fluoride mixture (BaO—B2O3-BaF2), a molybdenum oxide-lithium molybdate mixture (MoO3-Li2MoO4), a lead oxide-boron trioxide-lead fluoride mixture (PbO—PbF2-B2O3), a lead oxide-vanadium pentoxide mixture (PbO—V2O5), a molybdenum oxide-potassium fluoride mixture (KF—MoO3), a potassium fluoride-barium titanate mixture (KF—BaTiO3), a aqueous potassium carbonate (K2CO3), a lead oxide-lead fluoride mixture (PbO—PbF2), a lead fluoride-boron trioxide mixture (PbF2-B2O3), a lithium oxide-molybdenum oxide mixture (Li2O—MoO3), a lead oxide-bismuth oxide mixture (PbO—Bi2O3), a molybdenum oxide-potassium molybdate-yttria mixture (MoO3-K2MoO4-Y2O3 and mixtures thereof.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the crystalline core and/or crystalline cladding is selected from the group having a garnet composition of R3 (Al,T)5O12 wherein R represents one or more of the elements selected from the group consisting of calcium, magnesium, sodium, strontium, yttrium, lanthanum, praseodymium neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium and lutetium; and T represents one or more of the 3-valent elements selected from the group consisting of gallium, indium, and scandium.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the core and/or cladding material is selected from the group consisting of pure and/or doped yttrium lithium fluoride (YLF), pure and/or doped yttrium orthovanadate (YVO4), pure and/or doped gadolinium orthovanadate (GdVO4), pure and/or doped colquiriite (LiSaF), pure and/or doped alumina (Al2O3), pure and/or doped spinel (MgAl2O4), pure and/or doped aluminum oxynitride (AlON), pure and/or doped yttria (Y2O3), pure and/or doped zirconia (ZrO2), pure and/or doped aluminum nitride (AlN), pure and doped yttrium iron garnet (YIG), pure and/or doped potassium tantalate niobate (KTN), pure and/or doped lithium niobate (LiNbO3), pure and/or doped tantalate niobate (LiTaO3), pure and/or doped lanthanum lead zirconate-titanate (PLZT), and pure and/or doped lead magnesium niobate lead titanate (PMN-PT).
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the cladding material is a doped cladding material comprising a dopant, and wherein the dopant is selected from the group consisting of erbium, ytterbium, neodymium, thulium, holmium, chromium, cerium, samarium, dysprosium, terbium, titanium, vanadium, magnesium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, bismuth, and combinations thereof.
14. The method of claim 1 , further comprising preparing a crystalline fiber core though a method selected from the group consisting of laser heated pedestal growth (LHPG), micro-pulling, and edge-defined film-fed growth (EFG).
15. The method of claim 1 , further comprising, prior to or concurrently with immersing the crystalline fiber core preform into the under-saturated LPE flux, reducing the diameter of the crystalline fiber core.