Optical delay lines for electrical skew compensation
A skew compensation apparatus and method. In an optical system that uses optical signals, skew may be generated as the optical signals are processed from an input optical signal to at least two electrical signals representative of the phase-differentiated optical signals. A compensation of the skew is provided by including an optical delay line in the path of the optical signal that does not suffer the skew (e.g., that serves as the time base for the skew measurement). The optical delay line introduces a delay T skew equal to the delay suffered by the optical signal that is not taken as the time base. The two signals are thereby corrected for skew.
1. A communication system, comprising:
a transmitter capable of generating an input optical signal comprising first, second, third and fourth optical component signals;
a receiver configured to receive the first, second, third and fourth optical component signals from the transmitter via an optical medium, and to convert the first, second, third and fourth optical component signals into first, second, third and fourth electrical component signals, respectively; the second, third and fourth electrical component signal subject to timing delays relative to the first electrical component signal caused by the transmitter, the optical medium and the receiver;
a first skew compensation element consisting of a first waveguide optical delay line, consisting of a first single fixed length of waveguide configured to apply a first single fixed predetermined compensation timing delay to the second optical component signal, to at least partially compensate for at least one of the timing delays in the second electrical component signal;
a second skew compensation element consisting of a second waveguide optical delay line, consisting of a second single fixed length of waveguide configured to apply a second single fixed predetermined compensation timing delay to the third optical component signal, to at least partially compensate for the timing delay in the third electrical component signal; and
a third skew compensation element consisting of a third waveguide optical delay line, consisting of a third single fixed length of waveguide configured to apply a third single fixed predetermined compensation timing delay to the fourth optical component signal, to at least partially compensate for the timing delay in the fourth electrical component signal.
2. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the receiver comprises:
an input port for inputting the input optical signal;
a polarization beam splitter for splitting the input optical signal into first and second polarized components;
a local oscillator for generating first and second oscillator components;
a first hybrid mixer for generating the first and second optical component signals, which are phase differentiated, from the first polarized component and the first oscillator component; and
a second hybrid mixer for generating the third and fourth optical component signals, which are phase differentiated, from the second polarized component and the second oscillator component.
3. The system according to claim 2 , wherein the first, second and third waveguide optical delay lines are disposed between the polarization beam splitter and at least one of the first and second hybrid mixer, and between the local oscillator and at least one of the first and second hybrid mixer.
4. The system according to claim 2 , wherein the receiver further comprises respective photodiodes and electrical amplifiers for converting each of said first, second, third and fourth optical component signals into the first, a second, a third and a fourth electrical component signals, and thereby contributing to the generation of the timing delays in the second, third and fourth electrical component signals.
5. The system according to claim 4 , wherein the waveguide optical delay lines are disposed between the first and second hybrid mixers and the respective photodiodes.
6. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the first skew compensation element is disposed in the transmitter.
7. The system according to claim 1 , wherein each of the first, second and third waveguide optical delay lines comprises a single mode waveguide on a substrate.
8. The system according to claim 7 , wherein each of the first, second and third waveguide optical delay lines comprises a silicon waveguide.
9. The system according to claim 8 , wherein at least one of the first, second and third waveguide optical delay lines is about 75 μm long providing about 1 ps of delay.
10. The system according to claim 8 , wherein at least one of the first, second and third waveguide optical delay line is about 225 μm long providing about 3 ps of delay.
11. A method of compensating skew in an optical network, comprising the steps of:
generating an input optical signal comprising first, second, third and fourth optical component signals in a transmitter;
receiving the first, second, third and fourth optical component signals from the transmitter via an optical medium in a receiver;
converting the first, second, third and fourth optical component signals into first, second, third and fourth electrical component signals, respectively, wherein the second, third and fourth electrical component signal is subject to a timing delay relative to the first electrical component signal caused by the transmitter, the optical medium and the receiver;
passing the second optical component signal through a first skew compensation element consisting of a first waveguide optical delay line, consisting of a first single fixed length of waveguide configured to apply a first single fixed predetermined compensation timing delay to the second optical component signal, to at least partially compensate for the timing delay in the second electrical component signal;
passing the third optical component signal through a second skew compensation element consisting of a second waveguide optical delay line, consisting of a second single fixed length of waveguide configured to apply a second single fixed predetermined compensation timing delay to the third optical component signal, to at least partially compensate for the timing delay in the third electrical component signal; and
passing the fourth optical component signal through a third skew compensation element consisting of a third waveguide optical delay line, consisting of a third single fixed length of waveguide configured to apply a third single fixed predetermined compensation timing delay to the fourth optical component signal, to at least partially compensate for the timing delay in the fourth electrical component signal.
12. The method according to claim 11 , further comprising:
splitting the input optical signal into first and second polarized components in a polarization beam splitter;
generating first and second oscillator components in a local oscillator;
generating the first and second optical component signals, which are phase differentiated, from the first polarized component and the first oscillator component in a first hybrid mixer; and
generating the third and fourth optical component signals, which are phase differentiated, from the second polarized component and the second oscillator component in a second hybrid mixer.
13. The method according to claim 12 , wherein the first, second and third waveguide optical delay lines are disposed between the polarization beam splitter and at least one of the first and second hybrid mixer, and between the local oscillator and at least one of the first and second hybrid mixer.
14. The method according to claim 12 , wherein the receiver further comprises respective photodiodes and electrical amplifiers for converting each of said first, second, third and fourth optical component signals into the first, a second, a third and a fourth electrical component signals, and thereby contributing to the generation of the timing delays in the second, third and fourth electrical component signals.
15. The method according to claim 14 , wherein the first, second and third waveguide optical delay lines are disposed between the first and second hybrid mixers and the respective photodiodes.
16. The method according to claim 11 , wherein the first, second and third skew compensation elements are disposed in the transmitter.
17. The method according to claim 11 , further comprising:
i) determining the timing delays in the first, second and third electrical component signals based on experience or measurement;
ii) manufacturing the first, second and third waveguide optical delay lines based on step i).
18. A transmitter system, comprising:
a transmitter capable of generating an input optical signal comprising first, second, third and fourth optical component signals, and transmitting the input optical signal over an optical medium to a receiver, which is capable of converting the first, second, third and fourth optical component signals into first and second electrical component signals, respectively; the second, third and fourth electrical component signals subject to timing delays relative to the first electrical component signal caused by the transmitter, the optical medium and the receiver;
a first skew compensation element consisting of a waveguide optical delay line, consisting of a single fixed length of waveguide configured to apply a single fixed predetermined compensation timing delay to the second optical component signal, to at least partially compensate for at least one of the timing delays in the second electrical component signal;
a second skew compensation element consisting of a second waveguide optical delay line, consisting of a second single fixed length of waveguide configured to apply a second single fixed predetermined compensation timing delay to the third optical component signal, to at least partially compensate for the timing delay in the third electrical component signal; and
a third skew compensation element consisting of a third waveguide optical delay line, consisting of a third single fixed length of waveguide configured to apply a third single fixed predetermined compensation timing delay to the fourth optical component signal, to at least partially compensate for the timing delay in the fourth electrical component signal.