Thermal sensor array for molecule detection and related detection schemes
Disclosed herein are detection devices, systems including such detection devices, and methods of using such detection devices. A detection device comprises a fluidic channel configured to receive a plurality of molecules to be detected, a plurality of temperature sensors, and an insulating material encapsulating the plurality of temperature sensors and providing a barrier between the plurality of temperature sensors and contents of the fluidic channel. A surface of the insulating material within the fluidic channel provides a plurality of sites for binding the plurality of molecules to be detected. Each of the plurality of temperature sensors is configured to detect, in the presence of an alternating magnetic field, a temperature change indicating presence or absence of one or more magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) coupled to at least one of the plurality of molecules to be detected at a respective subset of the plurality of sites.
1. A detection device, comprising:
at least one fluidic channel configured to receive a plurality of molecules to be detected;
a plurality of temperature sensors; and
an insulating material encapsulating the plurality of temperature sensors and for providing a barrier between the plurality of temperature sensors and contents of the at least one fluidic channel,
wherein:
a surface of the insulating material within the fluidic channel provides a plurality of sites for binding the plurality of molecules to be detected, the plurality of sites being located among the plurality of temperature sensors, and
each of the plurality of temperature sensors is configured to detect, in presence of an alternating magnetic field, a temperature change indicating presence or absence of one or more magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) coupled to at least one of the plurality of molecules to be detected at a respective subset of the plurality of sites.
2. The detection device recited in claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of temperature sensors comprises a bi-metal sensing junction.
3. The detection device recited in claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of temperature sensors comprises vanadium oxide.
4. The detection device recited in claim 3 , wherein the vanadium oxide comprises a dopant.
5. The detection device recited in claim 4 , wherein the dopant comprises chromium, niobium, tungsten, iron, or a combination thereof.
6. The detection device recited in claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of temperature sensors comprises a nanoscale thermometer.
7. The detection device recited in claim 1 , wherein the plurality of temperature sensors comprises a thermocouple, a thermistor, a metal resistor, or a tunnel junction.
8. The detection device recited in claim 1 , wherein at least one of the plurality of temperature sensors comprises an insulator layer disposed between two conducting metal layers.
9. The detection device recited in claim 8 , wherein:
the insulator layer comprises at least one of an oxide or a nitride, and
the two conducting metal layers comprise at least one of platinum, tantalum, tungsten, copper, or titanium.
10. The detection device recited in claim 1 , wherein the detection device is a sequencing device, and wherein the plurality of molecules to be detected are biologic molecules.
11. The detection device recited in claim 10 , wherein the biologic molecules are nucleic acid molecules.
12. The detection device recited in claim 1 , further comprising detection circuitry comprising:
a plurality of selector devices, each of the plurality of selector devices coupled to a respective one of the plurality of temperature sensors.
13. The detection device recited in claim 12 , wherein at least one of the plurality of selector devices comprises a transistor.
14. The detection device recited in claim 12 , wherein at least one of the plurality of selector devices comprises an in-stack selector.
15. The detection device recited in claim 1 , wherein:
a first subset of the plurality of temperature sensors is arranged in a first row;
a second subset of the plurality of temperature sensors is arranged in a second row, the second row being substantially parallel to the first row; and
the at least one fluidic channel is disposed between the first and second rows.
16. The detection device recited in claim 1 , further comprising detection circuitry coupled to each of the plurality of temperature sensors, wherein the detection circuitry comprises:
a first line coupled to a first end of each of a first subset of the plurality of temperature sensors, the first subset comprising a first temperature sensor; and
a second line coupled to a second end of each of a second subset of the plurality of temperature sensors, the second subset including the first temperature sensor, wherein the first temperature sensor is the only temperature sensor of the plurality of temperature sensors that is included in both the first and second subsets.
17. The detection device recited in claim 1 , further comprising detection circuitry coupled to and configured to read a respective temperature of, or a change in temperature in a vicinity of, each of the plurality of temperature sensors by detecting one or more of a resistance, current, or voltage across each of the plurality of temperature sensors, or a change in the resistance, current, or voltage across each of the plurality of temperature sensors.
18. The detection device recited in claim 17 , wherein the detection circuitry comprises at least a portion of a bridge circuit.
19. The detection device recited in claim 1 , further comprising:
at least one temperature control element for setting a temperature of at least a portion of the plurality of temperature sensors or the contents of the fluidic channel.
20. The detection device recited in claim 19 , wherein the at least one temperature control element comprises at least one heater.
21. A detection device, comprising:
at least one fluidic channel configured to receive a plurality of molecules to be detected;
a plurality of temperature sensors disposed in a cross-point array comprising a first top line, a second top line, a first bottom line, and a second bottom line; and
an insulating material disposed between the plurality of temperature sensors and contents of the at least one fluidic channel,
wherein:
the first top line is coupled to the first bottom line at a first location,
the first top line is coupled to the second bottom line at a second location,
the second top line is coupled to the first bottom line at a third location,
the second top line is coupled to the second bottom line at a fourth location,
within the fluidic channel, a surface of the insulating material provides a plurality of sites for binding the plurality of molecules to be detected, the plurality of sites being located among the plurality of temperature sensors, and
each of the plurality of temperature sensors is configured to detect, in presence of an alternating magnetic field, a temperature change indicating presence or absence of one or more magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) coupled to at least one of the plurality of molecules to be detected at a respective subset of the plurality of sites.
22. The detection device recited in claim 21 , wherein:
the first and second top lines are substantially parallel to each other,
the first and second bottom lines are substantially parallel to each other, and
the first and second top lines are substantially perpendicular to the first and second bottom lines.
23. The detection device recited in claim 21 , wherein:
the first top line is in contact with the first bottom line at the first location, thereby forming a first temperature sensor of the plurality of temperature sensors,
the first top line is in contact with the second bottom line at the second location, thereby forming a second temperature sensor of the plurality of temperature sensors,
the second top line is in contact with the first bottom line at the third location, thereby forming a third temperature sensor of the plurality of temperature sensors, and
the second top line is in contact with the second bottom line at the fourth location, thereby forming a fourth temperature sensor of the plurality of temperature sensors.
24. The detection device recited in claim 23 , wherein:
the first and second top lines comprise a first metal, and the first and second bottom lines comprise a second metal.
25. The detection device recited in claim 24 , wherein:
the first metal is platinum and the second metal is tungsten, or
the first metal is tungsten and the second metal is platinum.
26. The detection device recited in claim 21 , wherein:
the first top line is coupled to the first bottom line at the first location through a first portion of insulator material, thereby forming a first temperature sensor of the plurality of temperature sensors,
the first top line is coupled to the second bottom line at the second location through a second portion of the insulator material, thereby forming a second temperature sensor of the plurality of temperature sensors,
the second top line is coupled to the first bottom line at the third location through a third portion of the insulator material, thereby forming a third temperature sensor of the plurality of temperature sensors, and
the second top line is coupled to the second bottom line at the fourth location through a fourth portion of the insulator material, thereby forming a fourth temperature sensor of the plurality of temperature sensors.
27. The detection device recited in claim 26 , wherein:
the first and second top lines comprise one or more of platinum, tungsten, tantalum, copper, or titanium,
the first and second bottom lines comprise one or more of platinum, tungsten, tantalum, copper, or titanium, and
the insulator material comprises at least one of an oxide or a nitride.
28. A detection system, comprising:
at least one fluidic channel configured to receive a plurality of molecules to be detected;
a plurality of temperature sensors;
an insulating material encapsulating the plurality of temperature sensors and for providing a barrier between the plurality of temperature sensors and contents of the at least one fluidic channel; and
one or more magnetic components,
wherein:
a surface of the insulating material within the fluidic channel provides a plurality of sites for binding the plurality of molecules to be detected, the plurality of sites being located among the plurality of temperature sensors, and
each of the plurality of temperature sensors is configured to detect, in presence of an alternating magnetic field, a temperature or temperature change indicating presence or absence of one or more magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) coupled to at least one of the plurality of molecules to be detected at a respective subset of the plurality of sites, and
at least one of the one or more magnetic components is configured to subject the contents of the at least one fluidic channel to the alternating magnetic field.
29. The detection system recited in claim 28 , wherein the one or more magnetic components comprise an electromagnet, a distributed coil, a solenoid, a permanent magnet, or a super-conducting magnet.
30. The detection system recited in claim 28 , further comprising an alternating current (AC) current driver, and wherein the at least one of the one or more magnetic components comprises an AC magnetic coil coupled to the AC current driver and to each of the plurality of temperature sensors.
31. The detection system recited in claim 28 , wherein the one or more magnetic components are configured to provide a static magnetic field to align respective magnetic moments of respective MNPs in a substantially same direction.
32. A detection device, comprising:
a plurality of temperature sensors; and
an insulating material encapsulating the plurality of temperature sensors,
wherein:
a surface of the insulating material provides a plurality of sites for binding a plurality of molecules to be detected, the plurality of sites being located among the plurality of temperature sensors, and
each of the plurality of temperature sensors is configured to detect, in presence of an alternating magnetic field, a temperature change indicating presence or absence of one or more magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) coupled to at least one of the plurality of molecules to be detected at a respective subset of the plurality of sites.