Devices and methods for frequency- and phase-based detection of magnetically-labeled molecules using spin torque oscillator (STO) sensors
Devices and methods for molecule detection using such devices are disclosed herein. A molecule detection device comprises at least one fluidic channel configured to receive molecules to be detected, a sensor comprising a spin torque oscillator (STO) and encapsulated by a material separating the sensor from the at least one fluidic channel, and detection circuitry coupled to the sensor. At least some of the molecules to be detected are labeled by magnetic nanoparticles (HNPs). A surface of the material provides binding sites for the molecules to be detected. The detection circuitry is configured to detect a frequency or frequency noise of a radio-frequency (RF) signal generated by the STO in response to presence or absence of at least one MNP coupled to one or more binding sites associated with the sensor.
1. A device for molecule detection, the device comprising:
at least one fluidic channel configured to receive molecules to be detected, wherein at least some of the molecules to be detected are labeled by magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs);
a sensor comprising a spin torque oscillator (STO) and encapsulated by a material separating the sensor from the at least one fluidic channel, wherein a surface of the material provides binding sites for the molecules to be detected; and
detection circuitry coupled to the sensor and configured to detect a frequency or frequency noise of a radio-frequency (RF) signal generated by the STO in response to presence or absence of at least one MNP coupled to one or more binding sites associated with the sensor,
wherein:
the molecules to be detected include a first type of molecule and a second type of molecule, the first type of molecule being labeled by a first MNP type, and the second type of molecule being labeled by a second MNP type,
the frequency or frequency noise of the RF signal generated by the STO is (a) a first frequency or frequency noise in response to presence of the first MNP type, or (b) a second frequency or frequency noise in response to presence of the second MNP type, and
the detection circuitry is configured to distinguish between the first frequency or frequency noise and the second frequency or frequency noise to differentiate between the first and second types of molecules.
2. The device recited in claim 1 , wherein the detection circuitry is configured to detect the frequency or the frequency noise of the RF signal generated by the STO in response to the presence or absence of the at least one MNP coupled to the one or more binding sites associated with the sensor by, in part, applying a DC current to the STO.
3. The device recited in claim 1 , wherein the STO comprises a pinned layer, a free layer, and a spacer layer disposed between the pinned layer and the free layer.
4. The device recited in claim 3 , wherein the pinned layer comprises one or more ferromagnetic (FM) layers.
5. The device recited in claim 4 , wherein the one or more FM layers are first one or more FM layers, and wherein the free layer comprises second one or more FM layers.
6. The device recited in claim 5 , wherein the spacer layer comprises an insulating layer or a metal layer.
7. The device recited in claim 3 , wherein, in a quiescent state of magnetization, a magnetic moment of the free layer is oriented substantially co-linearly with a magnetic moment of the pinned layer.
8. The device recited in claim 3 , wherein, in a quiescent state of magnetization, a magnetic moment of the free layer is oriented substantially parallel to or anti-parallel to a magnetic moment of the pinned layer.
9. The device recited in claim 3 , wherein, in a quiescent state of magnetization, a magnetic moment of the free layer is oriented at an angle to a magnetic moment of the pinned layer, wherein the angle is between approximately 20 degrees and approximately 60 degrees.
10. A device for molecule detection, the device comprising:
at least one fluidic channel configured to receive molecules to be detected, wherein at least some of the molecules to be detected are labeled by magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs);
a sensor comprising a spin torque oscillator (STO) and encapsulated by a material separating the sensor from the at least one fluidic channel, wherein a surface of the material provides binding sites for the molecules to be detected; and
detection circuitry coupled to the sensor and configured to detect a frequency or frequency noise of a radio-frequency (RF) signal generated by the STO in response to presence or absence of at least one MNP coupled to one or more binding sites associated with the sensor,
wherein the detection circuitry comprises a delay line circuit comprising:
a power divider configured to split the RF signal generated by the STO, or an amplified version of the RF signal generated by the STO, into a first signal routed to a first path having a first delay and a second signal routed to a second path having a second delay, wherein the second delay is greater than the first delay,
a mixer having a first input coupled to the first path, a second input coupled to the second path, and an output, and
a low pass or band pass filter coupled to the output of the mixer.
11. The device recited in claim 10 , wherein the delay line circuit further comprises one or more of:
a first amplifier coupled to the power divider and disposed between the STO and the power divider to provide the amplified version of the RF signal generated by the STO to the power divider, or
a second amplifier coupled to an output of the low pass or band pass filter.
12. The device recited in claim 10 , wherein the first path comprises a first wire trace and the second path comprises a second wire trace, the second wire trace being longer than the first wire trace.
13. The device recited in claim 10 , further comprising a phase shifter disposed on either the first or second path between the power divider and the mixer, wherein the phase shifter is configured to adjust a difference between a phase of the first signal and a phase of the second signal so that, in the absence of the at least one MNP coupled to one or more binding sites associated with the sensor, a DC output of the delay line circuit is below a threshold.
14. The device recited in claim 10 , further comprising:
a spectrum analyzer coupled to an output of the low pass or band pass filter.
15. The device recited in claim 14 , wherein the spectrum analyzer comprises non-transitory machine-executable instructions for execution by a processor.
16. A system, comprising:
the device recited in claim 10 ; and
a spectrum analyzer coupled to an output of the detection circuitry.
17. The device recited in claim 10 , wherein the MNPs are superparamagnetic, and wherein the delay line circuit comprises a spectrum analyzer configured to detect the frequency noise of the RF signal generated by the STO based on a comparison of a measured integrated noise from the STO to a noise measurement from a reference STO not exposed to any MNP.
18. The device recited in claim 17 , wherein the spectrum analyzer is implemented by a processor.
19. A device for molecule detection, the device comprising:
at least one fluidic channel configured to receive molecules to be detected, wherein at least some of the molecules to be detected are labeled by magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs);
a sensor comprising a spin torque oscillator (STO) and encapsulated by a material separating the sensor from the at least one fluidic channel, wherein a surface of the material provides binding sites for the molecules to be detected; and
detection circuitry coupled to the sensor and configured to detect a frequency or frequency noise of a radio-frequency (RF) signal generated by the STO in response to presence or absence of at least one MNP coupled to one or more binding sites associated with the sensor,
wherein the detection circuitry comprises a phase locked loop (PLL) configured to provide an error signal output that corresponds to the frequency noise of the RF signal generated by the STO in response to the presence of the at least one MNP coupled to the one or more binding sites associated with the sensor.
20. The device recited in claim 19 , wherein the PLL comprises:
a loop filter; and
a low pass filter.
21. The device recited in claim 20 , wherein the loop filter comprises an amplifier and at least one resistor.
22. The device recited in claim 20 , wherein the detection circuitry further comprises:
a mixer having a first input, a second input, and an output; and
a reference oscillator with an input coupled to a tuning input from the PLL and an output coupled to the first input of the mixer,
wherein the STO is coupled to the second input of the mixer, and the output of the mixer is coupled to an input of the low pass filter.
23. A method of sequencing nucleic acid using a device, the device comprising a plurality of spin torque oscillators (STOs) and at least one fluidic channel, the method comprising:
labeling a nucleotide precursor with a magnetic nanoparticle (MNP);
adding the labeled nucleotide precursor to the at least one fluidic channel of the device;
detecting a frequency or frequency noise of a radio-frequency (RF) signal generated by at least one of the plurality of STOs;
based at least in part on the detected frequency or frequency noise of the RF signal generated by the at least one of the plurality of STOs, determining whether the labeled nucleotide precursor has been detected; and
in response to determining that the labeled nucleotide precursor has been detected, recording (a) an identity of the nucleotide precursor, or (b) an identity of a base complementary to the labeled nucleotide precursor.
24. The method of claim 23 , wherein detecting the frequency or frequency noise of the RF signal generated by at least one of the plurality of STOs comprises:
detecting an amplitude of a DC signal at an output of a delay line circuit coupled to the at least one of the plurality of STOs.
25. The method of claim 23 , wherein detecting the frequency or frequency noise of the RF signal generated by at least one of the plurality of STOs comprises:
monitoring an error signal of a detection circuit comprising a phase locked loop.
26. The method of claim 23 , wherein the MNP is superparamagnetic, and wherein detecting the frequency or frequency noise of the RF signal generated by at least one of the plurality of STOs comprises:
determining a spectral density of the RF signal generated by the at least one of the plurality of STOs,
integrating the spectral density, and
comparing the integrated spectral density to a reference noise associated with a reference STO, the reference STO not being influenced by any MNP.
27. The method of claim 23 , further comprising:
before adding the labeled nucleotide precursor to the fluidic channel of the device, binding at least one nucleic acid strand to a binding site in the fluidic channel, and adding, to the fluidic channel, an extendable primer and a plurality of molecules of nucleic acid polymerase.
28. A method of sequencing nucleic acid using a device, the device comprising a plurality of spin torque oscillators (STOs) and at least one fluidic channel, the method comprising:
labeling a first nucleotide precursor with a first magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) type, the first MNP type selected to cause a magnetization of each of the plurality of STOs to oscillate at a first frequency;
labeling a second nucleotide precursor with a second MNP type, the second MNP type selected to cause the magnetization of each of the plurality of STOs to oscillate at a second frequency;
adding the labeled first and second nucleotide precursors to the fluidic channel of the device;
using a delay line circuit, detecting a frequency of a signal generated by at least one of the plurality of STOs; and
in response to the detected frequency, identifying whether the first nucleotide precursor or the second nucleotide precursor has been detected.
29. The method of claim 28 , wherein detecting the frequency of the signal generated by the at least one of the plurality of STOs comprises:
splitting a signal originating from the at least one of the plurality of STOs into a first signal and a second signal;
routing the first signal to a mixer via a first path having a first delay;
routing the second signal to the mixer via a second path having a second delay, the second delay being longer than the first delay;
the mixer mixing the delayed first and second signals; and
a low pass filter filtering an output from the mixer,
and wherein identifying whether the first nucleotide precursor or the second nucleotide precursor has been detected comprises:
analyzing an output of the low pass filter or an amplified version of the output of the low pass filter.
30. The method of claim 29 , wherein detecting the frequency of the signal generated by the at least one of the plurality of STOs further comprises:
shifting a phase of the first signal or the second signal.
31. The method of claim 29 , wherein detecting the frequency of the signal generated by the at least one of the plurality of STOs further comprises:
amplifying the output of the low pass filter.
32. The method of claim 29 , wherein analyzing the output of the low pass filter or the amplified version of the output of the low pass filter comprises:
accessing a look-up table to determine whether the output of the low pass filter or the amplified version of the output of the low pass filter corresponds to a first expected value for the first nucleotide precursor or a second expected value for the second nucleotide precursor; or
determining whether the output of the low pass filter or the amplified version of the output of the low pass filter is in a first range associated with the first nucleotide precursor or a second range associated with the second nucleotide precursor.
33. A system for sequencing nucleic acid, the system comprising:
a plurality of spin torque oscillators (STOs);
a fluidic channel;
means for labeling a nucleotide precursor with a magnetic nanoparticle (MNP);
means for adding the labeled nucleotide precursor to the fluidic channel;
means for detecting a frequency or frequency noise of a radio-frequency (RF) signal generated by at least one of the plurality of STOs;
means for determining, based at least in part on the detected frequency or frequency noise of the RF signal generated by the at least one of the plurality of STOs, whether the labeled nucleotide precursor has been detected; and
means for recording (a) an identity of the nucleotide precursor, (b) an identity of a base complementary to the labeled nucleotide precursor, or (c) both (a) and (b).
34. The system of claim 33 , further comprising:
means for binding at least one nucleic acid strand to a binding site in the fluidic channel; and
means for adding, to the fluidic channel, an extendable primer and a plurality of molecules of nucleic acid polymerase.