Magnetic gradient concentrator/reluctance detector for molecule detection
Disclosed herein are devices for molecule detection and methods for using detection devices for molecule detection, such as nucleic acid sequencing. In some embodiments, a detection device comprises one or more pole pieces, one or more sensors, each of the one or more sensors coupled to at least one of the one or more pole pieces, and detection circuitry coupled to the one or more sensors. The detection circuitry is configured to detect a characteristic of each of the one or more sensors, the characteristic indicating presence or absence of one or more magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) coupled to at least one of a plurality of molecules to be detected, and at least one of the one or more pole pieces is operable to draw the one or more MNPs toward at least one of the one or more sensors.
1. A detection device, comprising:
one or more pole pieces;
at least one magnetic component configured to generate a magnetic field through the one or more pole pieces;
a plurality of sensors, each of the plurality of sensors coupled to at least one of the one or more pole pieces; and
detection circuitry coupled to the plurality of sensors, wherein the detection circuitry is configured to detect a characteristic of each of the plurality of sensors, the characteristic indicating presence or absence of one or more magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) coupled to at least one of a plurality of molecules to be detected;
and wherein:
at least one of the one or more pole pieces is operable to draw the one or more MNPs toward at least one of the plurality of sensors;
a first subset of the plurality of sensors is arranged in a first row;
a second subset of the plurality of sensors is arranged in a second row, the second row being substantially parallel to the first row; and
at least one reagent area is disposed between the first and second rows.
2. The detection device recited in claim 1 , wherein the at least one reagent area is configured to hold fluid containing the plurality of molecules to be detected.
3. The detection device recited in claim 2 , wherein the at least one reagent area comprises a fluidic channel.
4. The detection device recited in claim 1 , wherein:
one or more surfaces within the at least one reagent area provide one or more sites for binding the plurality of molecules to be detected, the one or more sites being located among the plurality of sensors.
5. The detection device recited in claim 4 , wherein the one or more sites comprise a plurality of sites, and further comprising at least one magnetic shield disposed between at least two of the plurality of sites.
6. The detection device recited in claim 1 , further comprising:
a barrier material encapsulating the plurality of sensors and for providing a barrier between the plurality of sensors and the plurality of molecules to be detected.
7. The detection device recited in claim 6 , wherein the barrier material comprises an insulator or a metal.
8. The detection device recited in claim 1 , wherein the characteristic comprises:
a voltage, current, resistance, frequency, phase, noise, or temperature; or
a change in voltage, current, resistance, frequency, phase, noise, or temperature; or
a change in a statistical property of voltage, current, resistance, frequency, phase, noise, or temperature.
9. The detection device recited in claim 1 , wherein the plurality of sensors comprises a temperature sensor, a magnetoresistive (MR) sensor, a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ), a spin-torque oscillator (STO), or a spin valve.
10. The detection device recited in claim 1 , wherein at least one of the one or more pole pieces has a conical, triangular, or pyramidal shape.
11. The detection device recited in claim 1 , wherein at least one of the one or more pole pieces is configured to assist in creating a magnetic field gradient for drawing at least a portion of the one or more MNPs toward at least one of the plurality of sensors.
12. The detection device recited in claim 1 , wherein the plurality of sensors is disposed in a cross-point array comprising a first top line, a second top line, a first bottom line, and a second bottom line, wherein:
the first top line is coupled to the first bottom line at a first location,
the first top line is coupled to the second bottom line at a second location,
the second top line is coupled to the first bottom line at a third location, and
the second top line is coupled to the second bottom line at a fourth location.
13. The detection device recited in claim 12 , wherein:
the first and second top lines are substantially parallel to each other,
the first and second bottom lines are substantially parallel to each other, and
the first and second top lines are substantially perpendicular to the first and second bottom lines.
14. The detection device recited in claim 1 , wherein the detection device is a sequencing device, and wherein the plurality of molecules to be detected comprises biologic molecules.
15. The detection device recited in claim 14 , wherein the biologic molecules are nucleic acids.
16. The detection device recited in claim 1 , wherein the detection circuitry comprises:
one or more selector devices, at least one of the one or more selector devices coupled to a respective one of the plurality of sensors.
17. The detection device recited in claim 16 , wherein at least one of the one or more selector devices comprises a transistor.
18. The detection device recited in claim 16 , wherein at least one of the one or more selector devices comprises an in-stack selector.
19. An apparatus for molecule detection, the apparatus comprising:
a pole piece;
a solenoid or ferromagnetic component configured to generate a magnetic field through the pole piece;
a sensor disposed between and coupled to the pole piece and the solenoid or ferromagnetic component, wherein the sensor is capable of sensing presence or absence of a magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) label coupled to a molecule to be detected, wherein the presence or absence of the MNP label is reflected by a change in a characteristic of the sensor; and
detection circuitry coupled to the sensor and configured to detect the characteristic of the sensor, wherein the detected characteristic indicates whether the MNP label is present or absent.
20. The apparatus recited in claim 19 , further comprising a yoke, wherein the solenoid or ferromagnetic component is disposed between the sensor and the yoke, thereby forming a magnetic circuit.
21. The apparatus recited in claim 20 , wherein the solenoid or ferromagnetic component is a ferromagnetic component having a coercivity enabling the ferromagnetic component to be selectively magnetized or selectively demagnetized by an external magnetic field.
22. The apparatus recited in claim 21 , wherein a remanence of the ferromagnetic component is selected to enable the ferromagnetic component to detect the MNP label.
23. A method of using the apparatus recited in claim 21 , comprising:
applying the external magnetic field to selectively magnetize or to selectively demagnetize the ferromagnetic component.
24. A method of using the apparatus recited in claim 20 , comprising:
detecting the presence or absence of the MNP label by detecting a change in a reluctance of the magnetic circuit.
25. The apparatus recited in claim 19 , further comprising:
a reagent area configured to hold fluid containing the molecule to be detected.
26. A method of nucleic acid sequencing using a detection device comprising a pole piece, a magnetic component configured to generate a magnetic field through the pole piece, a sensor coupled to the pole piece, a reagent area, and detection circuitry coupled to the sensor, the method comprising:
magnetically labeling a nucleotide precursor with one or more magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs);
adding the magnetically-labeled nucleotide precursor to the reagent area;
after adding the magnetically-labeled nucleotide precursor to the reagent area, detecting a characteristic of the sensor, wherein a change in the characteristic of the sensor indicates presence or absence of at least one of the one or more MNPs; and
based at least in part on the detected characteristic, determining whether the magnetically-labeled nucleotide precursor is present or absent.
27. The method of claim 26 , further comprising:
binding a nucleic acid strand to be sequenced to the detection device in the reagent area before adding the magnetically-labeled nucleotide precursor to the reagent area.
28. The method of claim 26 , further comprising:
applying a magnetic field to the detection device; and
using the detection circuitry, detecting the characteristic of the sensor while the magnetic field is being applied.
29. The method of claim 28 , further comprising:
after detecting the characteristic of the sensor, turning off the magnetic field; and
while the magnetic field is off:
removing at least some of the one or more MNPs, and
washing the at least one reagent area.
30. The method of claim 26 , further comprising:
in response to determining that the magnetically-labeled nucleotide precursor is present, recording an identity of the magnetically-labeled nucleotide precursor or an identity of a base complementary to the magnetically-labeled nucleotide precursor.