Resonator arrangement for bandwidth control
A line-narrowed excimer or molecular fluorine laser system includes a discharge chamber filled with a gas mixture at least including molecular fluorine and a buffer gas, multiple electrodes within the discharge chamber connected to a discharge circuit for energizing the gas mixture, a resonator including a pair of resonator reflecting surfaces disposed on either side of the discharge chamber for generating a laser beam, and a line-narrowing/selection unit within the resonator for narrowing the bandwidth of the laser beam. The resonator further includes a third reflecting surface which is deformable and disposed between the pair of resonator reflecting surfaces. The line-narrowing/selection unit preferably includes a beam expander and a dispersive element, wherein the deformable third reflecting surface is disposed between the beam expander and the dispersive element.
1. An excimer or molecular fluorine laser system, comprising:
a discharge chamber filled with a gas mixture at least including molecular fluorine and a buffer gas;
a plurality of electrodes within the discharge chamber connected to a discharge circuit for energizing the gas mixture;
a resonator including a pair of resonator reflecting surfaces disposed on either side of the discharge chamber for generating a laser beam, said resonator further including a deformable third reflecting surface disposed between the pair of resonator reflecting surfaces;
a line-narrowing/selection unit within the resonator for narrowing the bandwidth of the laser beam;
a detector for detecting the bandwidth of the laser beam; and
a processor for receiving a signal indicative of said bandwidth from said detector and controlling a surface contour of said deformable third reflecting surface to control said bandwidth in a feedback arrangement.
2. The laser system of claim 1 , wherein said deformable third reflecting surface is a highly reflective mirror.
3. The laser system of claim 1 , wherein said deformable third reflecting surface is a cylindrical mirror.
4. The laser system of claim 1 , wherein said deformable third reflecting surface is a spherical mirror.
5. The laser system of claim 1 , wherein said line-narrowing/selection unit includes a beam expander and dispersive element, and wherein said deformable third reflecting surface is disposed between said beam expander and said dispersive element.
6. The laser system of claim 1 , wherein said line-narrowing/selection unit includes a dispersive element, and wherein said deformable third reflecting surface is disposed just before said dispersive element.
7. A line-narrowed excimer or molecular fluorine laser system, comprising:
a discharge chamber filled with a gas mixture at least including molecular fluorine and a buffer gas;
a plurality of electrodes within the discharge chamber connected to a discharge circuit for energizing the gas mixture;
a resonator including a pair of resonator reflecting surfaces disposed on either side of the discharge chamber for generating a laser beam; and
a third reflecting surface disposed between the pair of resonator reflector surfaces, the third reflecting surface being deformable such that a surface contour of the third reflecting surface can be adjusted to control the bandwidth of the laser beam.
8. The laser system of claim 7 , further comprising deformation means for controllably adjusting the surface contour of said deformable third reflecting surface.
9. The laser system of claim 7 , further comprising a line-narrowing/selection unit including a beam expander and dispersive element, and wherein said deformable third reflecting surface is disposed between said beam expander and said dispersive element.
10. The laser system of claim 7 , further comprising a line-narrowing/selection unit including a dispersive element, and wherein said deformable third reflecting surface is disposed just before said dispersive element.
11. The laser system of claim 7 , further comprising a processor for automatically adjusting the bandwidth of said laser by sending a signal to adjust said surface contour.
12. The laser system of claim 11 , further comprising a detector for detecting the bandwidth of the laser system and communicating bandwidth information to the processor which controls said bandwidth in a feedback arrangement.
13. A line-narrowed excimer or molecular fluorine laser system, comprising:
a discharge chamber filled with a gas mixture at least including molecular fluorine and a buffer gas;
a plurality of electrodes within the discharge chamber connected to a discharge circuit for energizing the gas mixture;
a resonator including a pair of resonator reflecting surfaces disposed on either side of the discharge chamber for generating a laser beam, said resonator further including a third reflecting surface disposed between the pair of resonator reflecting surfaces and having a surface contour which is deformable in order to control the bandwidth of the laser beam;
a line-narrowing/selection unit within the resonator for narrowing the bandwidth of the laser beam; and
a spectrometer for measuring the bandwidth of said laser beam.
14. The laser system of claim 13 , further comprising a processor for receiving data from the spectrometer corresponding to a current bandwidth and for outputting a signal to adjust the surface contour of the deformable third reflecting surface corresponding to a desired bandwidth.
15. The laser system of claim 13 , wherein said line-narrowing/selection unit includes a beam expander and dispersive element, and wherein said deformable third reflecting surface is disposed between said beam expander and said dispersive element.
16. The laser system of claim 13 , wherein said line-narrowing/selection unit includes a dispersive element, and wherein said deformable third reflecting surface is disposed just before said dispersive element.
17. A line-narrowed excimer or molecular fluorine laser system, comprising:
a discharge chamber filled with a gas mixture at least including molecular fluorine and a buffer gas;
a plurality of electrodes within the discharge chamber connected to a discharge circuit for energizing the gas mixture;
a resonator including a pair of resonator reflecting surfaces disposed on either side of the discharge chamber for generating a laser beam, said resonator further including a third reflecting surface disposed between the pair of resonator reflecting surfaces and having a surface contour which is deformable;
a line-narrowing/selection unit within the resonator for narrowing the bandwidth of the laser beam; and
a detector for detecting at least one parameter of the laser system including the bandwidth of the laser beam; and
a processor for receiving a signal indicative of said at least one laser system parameter from said detector and controlling a surface contour of said deformable third reflecting surface in a feedback arrangement in order to control at least the bandwidth of the laser beam.
18. The laser system of claim 17 , wherein said deformable third reflecting surface is a cylindrical mirror.
19. The laser system of claim 17 , wherein said deformable third reflecting surface includes a curvature in two orthogonal cross-sectional beam axis directions.
20. The laser system of claim 17 , wherein said laser system parameter is laser beam linewidth.
21. The laser system of claim 17 , wherein said line-narrowing/selection unit includes a beam expander and dispersive element, and wherein said deformable third reflecting surface is disposed between said beam expander and said dispersive element.
22. The laser system of claim 17 , wherein said line-narrowing/selection unit includes a dispersive element, and wherein said deformable third reflecting surface is disposed just before said dispersive element.
23. A line-narrowed excimer or molecular fluorine laser system, comprising:
a discharge chamber filled with a gas mixture at least including molecular fluorine and a buffer gas;
a plurality of electrodes within the discharge chamber connected to a discharge circuit for energizing the gas mixture;
a resonator including a pair of resonator reflecting surfaces disposed on either side of the discharge chamber for generating a laser beam, said resonator further including a third reflecting surface disposed between the pair of resonator reflecting surfaces and having a surface contour that can be modified to control the bandwidth of the laser beam;
a line-narrowing/selection unit within the resonator for narrowing the bandwidth of the laser beam, and
wherein said line-narrowing/selection unit includes a dispersive element, and wherein said deformable third reflecting surface is disposed just before said dispersive element.
24. The laser system of claim 23 , wherein said line-narrowing/selection unit further includes a beam expander, and wherein said deformable third reflecting surface is disposed between said beam expander and said dispersive element.
25. A method of adjusting the bandwidth of a line-narrowed excimer or molecular fluorine laser including a discharge chamber having a gas mixture and a plurality of electrodes therein within a resonator for generating a laser beam, the resonator including a pair of resonator reflectors disposed on either side of the discharge chamber for generating a laser beam and a deformable third reflecting surface disposed between a pair of resonator reflectors, comprising the operations:
applying electrical pulses to the plurality of electrodes within said discharge chamber for energizing the gas mixture therein;
measuring a bandwidth of the laser beam; and
adjusting a surface contour of said deformable third reflecting surface for adjusting the bandwidth of the laser beam based on the measured bandwidth.
26. The method of claim 25 , further comprising the operations transmitting a signal to a processor corresponding to the measured bandwidth, and transmitting another signal to the deformable third reflecting surface corresponding to a selected surface contour adjustment.
27. An excimer or molecular fluorine laser, comprising:
a discharge chamber filled with a gas mixture;
a plurality of electrodes in the discharge chamber connected to a pulse power circuit for energizing the gas mixture; and
a resonator for generating a laser beam, including one or more line-narrowing/selection optics, a pair of resonator reflectors and a deformable third reflecting surface disposed between the pair of resonator reflectors having an adjustable surface contour for matching the wavefront of the beam to reduce the bandwidth narrowed/selected by the line-narrowing/selection unit.
28. The laser of claim 27 , wherein the one or more line-narrowing/selection optics include a dispersive element, and wherein the deformable third reflecting surface is disposed just before the dispersive element.
29. The laser of claim 28 , wherein the one or more line-narrowing/selection optics include a beam expander, and wherein the deformable third reflecting surface is disposed between the beam expander and the dispersive element.
30. The laser of claim 29 , wherein the dispersive element is a grating serving as one of said pair of resonator reflectors.
31. The laser of claim 28 , the resonator further comprising an interferometric device.
32. The laser of claim 27 , wherein the adjustable surface contour of the deformable third reflecting surface is automatically feedback controlled using a processor and a detector for monitoring a spectral parameter of the laser beam.
33. A resonator for an excimer or molecular fluorine laser system, comprising:
a discharge chamber for filling with a gas mixture;
a plurality of electrodes within the discharge chamber for connecting to a discharge circuit for energizing the gas mixture;
a pair of resonator reflectors for generating a laser beam; and
a bi-directional bandwidth controlled folding mirror assembly disposed between the pair of resonator reflectors, the mirror assembly including:
a folding mirror;
a coupling plate coupling with the mirror;
an adjustment spindle penetrating through a cavity defined in the coupling plate, and
wherein screwing the adjustment spindle in a first direction increases a concavity of a surface contour of the folding mirror, and screwing the adjustment spindle in a second direction opposite to said first direction decreases the concavity of the surface contour of the folding mirror.
34. The resonator of claim 33 , further comprising at least one spring disposed between a portion of said coupling plate and a head of said adjustment spindle.
35. The resonator of claim 33 , further comprising a movable nut on the adjustment spindle.
36. The resonator of claim 33 , further comprising a motor for motorizing the adjustment spindle.
37. The resonator of claim 33 , wherein the surface contour of the folding mirror is convex.
38. The resonator of claim 33 , wherein the surface contour of the folding mirror is concave.
39. The resonator of claim 33 , further comprising a line narrowing/selection unit including at least one optical element having an adjustable orientation for tuning a wavelength of the laser beam, and wherein said adjusting of said surface contour of said folding mirror adjusts the bandwidth of the laser beam.
40. The resonator of claim 39 , wherein the line narrowing/selection unit includes a beam expander and a dispersive element, and wherein the folding mirror is disposed between the beam expander and the dispersive element.
41. The resonator of claim 33 , wherein the bi-directional bandwidth controlled folding mirror assembly is configured such that the surface contour of the folding mirror is adjustable based on signals received from a detector for monitoring the bandwidth of the laser beam.
42. A resonator for an excimer or molecular fluorine laser system, comprising:
a discharge chamber for filling with a gas mixture;
a plurality of electrodes within the discharge chamber for connecting to a discharge circuit for energizing the gas mixture;
a pair of resonator reflectors for generating a laser beam; and
a bi-directional bandwidth controlled folding mirror assembly disposed between the pair of resonator reflectors, the mirror assembly including:
a folding mirror;
a coupling plate coupling with the mirror;
a piezo transducer coupled with the coupling plate, and
wherein operating the piezo transducer in a first direction increases a concavity of the folding mirror, and operating the piezo transducer in a second direction opposite to said first direction decreases a concavity of the folding mirror.
43. The assembly of claim 42 , wherein the folding mirror is convex.
44. The assembly of claim 42 , wherein the folding mirror is concave.
45. The resonator of claim 42 , further comprising a line narrowing/selection unit including at least one optical element having an adjustable orientation for tuning a wavelength of the laser beam, and wherein said adjusting of said surface contour of said folding mirror adjusts the bandwidth of the laser beam.
46. The resonator of claim 42 , wherein the line narrowing/selection unit includes a beam expander and a dispersive element, and wherein the folding mirror is disposed between the beam expander and the dispersive element.
47. The resonator of claim 42 , wherein the bi-directional bandwidth controlled folding mirror assembly is configured such that the surface contour of the folding mirror is adjustable based on signals received from a detector for monitoring the bandwidth of the laser beam.