Porogens, porogenated precursors and methods for using the same to provide porous organosilica glass films with low dielectric constants
View Patent ↗A porous organosilica glass (OSG) film consists of a single phase of a material represented by the formula Si v O w C x H y F z , where v+w+x+y+z=100%, v is from 10 to 35 atomic %, w is from 10 to 65 atomic %, x is from 5 to 30 atomic %, y is from 10 to 50 atomic % and z is from 0 to 15 atomic %, wherein the film has pores and a dielectric constant less than 2.6. The film is provided by a chemical vapor deposition method in which a preliminary film is deposited from organosilane and/or organosiloxane precursors and pore-forming agents (porogens), which can be independent of, or bonded to, the precursors. The porogens are subsequently removed to provide the porous film. Compositions, such as kits, for forming the films include porogens and precursors. Porogenated precursors are also useful for providing the film.
1. A composition comprising:
(a)(i) at least one precursor selected from the group consisting of diethoxymethylsilane, dimethoxymethylsilane, di-isopropoxymethylsilane, di-t-butoxymethylsilane, methyltriethoxysilane, methyltrimethoxysilane, methyltri-isopropoxysilane, methyltri-t-butoxysilane, dimethyldimethoxysilane, dimethyldiethoxysilane, dimethyldi-isopropoxysilane, dimethyldi-t-butoxysilane, and (ii) a porogen distinct from the at least one precursor, said porogen being a member selected from the group consisting of alpha-terpinene, limonene, cyclohexane, 1,2,4-trimethylcyclohexane, 1,5-dimethyl-1,5-cyclooctadiene, camphene, adamantane, 1,3-butadiene, substituted dienes and decahydronaphthelene; and/or
(b)(i) at least one precursor selected from the group consisting of diethoxymethylsilane, dimethoxymethylsilane, ditertiarybutoxymethylsilane, methyltriethoxysilane, dimethyldimethoxysilane, dimethyldiethoxysilane, methylethoxydisiloxane, tetraethoxysilane and triethoxysilane, and (ii) a porogen distinct from the at least one precursor, said porogen being a member selected from the group consisting of alpha-terpinene, gamma-terpinene, limonene, dimethylhexadiene, ethylbenzene, decahydronaphthalene, 2-carene, 3-carene, vinylcyclohexene and dimethylcyclooctadiene.
2. The composition of claim 1 provided in a kit, wherein the porogen and the precursor are maintained in separate vessels.
3. The composition of claim 2 wherein at least one of the vessels is a pressurizable stainless steel vessel.
4. The composition of claim 1 wherein the porogen and the precursor are maintained in a single vessel having a separation means for maintaining the porogens and the precursor separate.
5. A composition comprising:
at least one precursor selected from the group consisting of: diethoxymethylsilane, dimethoxymethylsilane, di-isopropoxymethylsilane, di-t-butoxymethylsilane, methyltriethoxysilane, methyltrimethoxysilane, methyltri-isopropoxysilane, methyltri-t-butoxysilane, dimethyldimethoxysilane, dimethyldiethoxysilane, dimethyldi-isopropoxysilane, dimethyldi-t-butoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, trimethylsilane, tetramethylsilane, methyltriacetoxysilane, methyldiacetoxysilane, methylethoxydisiloxane, and triethoxysilane; and
at least one porogen selected from the group consisting of:
(a) at least one cyclic hydrocarbon having a cyclic structure and the formula C n H 2n , where n is 4 to 14, a number of carbons in the cyclic structure is between 4 and 10, and the at least one cyclic hydrocarbon optionally contains a plurality of simple or branched hydrocarbons substituted onto the cyclic structure;
(b) at least one linear or branched, saturated, singly or multiply unsaturated hydrocarbon of the general formula C n H (2n+2)−2y where n=2−20 and where y=0−n;
(C) at least one singly or multiply unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon having a cyclic structure and the formula C n H 2n−2x , where x is a number of unsaturated sites, n is 4 to 14, a number of carbons in the cyclic structure is between 4 and 10, and the at least one singly or multiply unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon optionally contains a plurality of simple or branched hydrocarbons substituents substituted onto the cyclic structure, and contains endocyclic unsaturation or unsaturation on one of the hydrocarbon substituents;
(d) at least one bicyclic hydrocarbon having a bicyclic structure and the formula C n H 2n−2 , where n is 4 to 14, a number of carbons in the bicyclic structure is from 4 to 12, and the at least one bicyclic hydrocarbon optionally contains a plurality of simple or branched hydrocarbons substituted onto the bicyclic structure;
(e) at least one multiply unsaturated bicyclic hydrocarbon having a bicyclic structure and the formula C n H 2n−(2+2x) , where x is a number of unsaturated sites, n is 4 to 14, a number of carbons in the bicyclic structure is from 4 to 12, and the at least one multiply unsaturated bicyclic hydrocarbon optionally contains a plurality of simple or branched hydrocarbons substituents substituted onto the bicyclic structure, and contains endocyclic unsaturation or unsaturation on one of the hydrocarbon substituents; and
(f) at least one tricyclic hydrocarbon having a tricyclic structure and the formula C n H 2n−4 , where n is 4 to 14, a number of carbons in the tricyclic structure is from 4 to 12, and the at least one tricyclic hydrocarbon optionally contains a plurality of simple or branched hydrocarbons substituted onto the cyclic structure.
6. The composition of claim 5 provided in a kit, wherein the porogen and the precursor are maintained in separate vessels.
7. The composition of claim 6 wherein at least one of the vessels is a pressurizable stainless steel vessel.
8. The composition of claim 5 wherein the at least one porogen and the at least one precursor are maintained in a single vessel having a separation means for maintaining the porogens and the precursor separate.
9. The composition of claim 5 wherein the at least one porogen is selected from the group consisting of: alpha-terpinene, limonene, cyclohexane, 1,2,4-trimethylcyclohexane, 1,5-dimethyl-1,5-cyclooctadiene, camphene, adamantane, 1,3-butadiene, substituted dienes, decahydronaphthelene, gamma-terpinene, dimethylhexadiene, ethylbenzene, decahydronaphthalene, 2-carene, 3-carene, vinylcyclohexene, cyclooctane, cyclooctene, 1,5-cyclooctadiene, norbornadiene, ethynylnorbornene.
10. The composition of claim 9 wherein the at least one precursor is selected from the group consisting of: diethoxymethylsilane, dimethoxymethylsilane, and dimethyldimethoxysilane; and
the at least one porogen is selected from the group consisting of: alpha-terpinene, limonene, cyclooctane, cyclooctene, cyclooctadiene, and norbornadiene.
11. The composition of claim 10 wherein the at least one precursor includes diethoxymethylsilane.
12. The composition of claim 11 provided in a kit, wherein the porogen and the precursor are maintained in seoarate vessels.
13. The composition of claim 12 wherein at least one of the vessels is a pressurizable stainless steel vessel.
14. The composition of claim 11 wherein the at least one porogen and the at least one precursor are maintained in a single vessel having a separation means for maintaining the porogens and the precursor separate.
15. The composition of claim 11 wherein the at least one porogen includes alpha-terpinene.
16. The composition of claim 11 wherein the at least one porogen includes limonene.
17. The composition of claim 11 wherein the at least one porogen includes cyclooctane.
18. The composition of claim 11 wherein the at least one porogen includes cyclooctadiene.
19. The composition of claim 11 wherein the at least one porogen includes norbornadiene.
20. A composition comprising:
a precursor comprising diethoxymethylsilane; and
at least one porogen selected from the group consisting of: alpha-terpinene, limonene, cyclooctane, cyclooctene, cyclooctadiene, and norbornadiene, wherein the porogen and the precursor are maintained in separate vessels.
21. The composition of claim 20 wherein the at least one porogen includes alpha-terpinene.
22. The composition of claim 20 wherein the at least one porogen includes limonene.
23. The composition of claim 20 wherein the at least one porogen includes cyclooctane.
24. The composition of claim 20 wherein the at least one porogen includes norbornadiene.
25. The composition of claim 20 wherein the at least one porogen includes cyclooctadiene.
26. The composition of claim 20 wherein the at least one porogen includes cyclooctene.
27. The composition of claim 20 wherein the vessels are pressurized stainless steel vessels.
28. A composition comprising:
a precursor comprising diethoxymethylsilane; and
at least one porogen selected from the group consisting of: alpha-terpinene, limonene, cyclooctane, cyclooctene, cyclooctadiene, and norbornadiene, wherein the porogen and the precursor are mixed in the same vessel.
29. The composition of claim 28 wherein the at least one porogen includes alpha-terpinene.
30. The composition of claim 28 wherein the at least one porogen includes limonene.
31. The composition of claim 28 wherein the at least one porogen includes cyclooctane.
32. The composition of claim 28 wherein the at least one porogen includes norbornadiene.
33. The composition of claim 28 wherein the at least one porogen includes cyclooctadiene.
34. The composition of claim 28 wherein the at least one porogen includes cyclooctene.
35. The composition of claim 28 wherein the vessel is a pressurized stainless steel vessel.