Combustion-thawed fuel cell
View Patent ↗Combustion heaters having internal combustion chambers are located adjacent the end cells of a stack of fuel cells to directly, conductively heat the end cells during cold start-up of the stack. Similar heater(s) may also be located within the stack when cold starting under extremely cold conditions. A method of combustion thawing a fuel cell stack is described.
1. A fuel cell stack comprising:
a pair of end cells sandwiching a plurality of inboard cells therebetween;
an electrically conductive sealed terminal plate including a first part having a combustion chamber formed therein and a second part sealed to the first part for sealing said combustion chamber and forming said electrically conductive sealed terminal plate; said electrically conductive sealed terminal plate engaging one of said pair of end cells and configured for collecting electrical current generated by said stack and for directly, conductively heating said end cells while cold-starting said stack, said first part of said electrically conductive sealed terminal plate comprising:
internal walls defining said combustion chamber, said combustion chamber comprising a plurality of header channels coupled to a plurality of downstream footer channels via a plurality of intermediate channels extending between each of said header channels and said footer channels,
a catalyst in said combustion chamber for promoting an exothermal chemical oxidation of H 2 ,
an inlet to an inlet manifold channel that supplies the header channels of said combustion chamber for admitting a sub-LEL mixture of H 2 and air to said combustion chamber, and
an outlet from an exhaust manifold channel that receives gas from said intermediate channels from said combustion chamber for exhausting H 2 O and H 2 -depleted air from said combustion chamber;
a first supply of air from a source of air to said inboard cells; and
a second supply of air from the source of air to said terminal plate.
2. A fuel cell stack according to claim 1 wherein each of said first part and said second part is a monopolar end plate and each of said inboard cells is a bipolar plate.
3. A fuel cell stack according to claim 1 wherein said plurality of footer channels slope downwardly toward said outlet to facilitate drainage of water from said combustion chamber, wherein the slope of said footer channels is from 1 to 89 degrees.
4. A fuel cell stack according to claim 3 wherein said flow channels have a hydraulic radius of at least 0.24 mm.
5. A fuel cell stack according to claim 3 comprising a hydrophobic coating on said walls to promote drainage of water from said flow channels.
6. A fuel cell stack according to claim 1 wherein said catalyst is located at localized areas of said channels selected to achieve substantially uniform heating of said heating face.
7. A fuel cell stack according to claim 1 , wherein said first part of said electrically conductive sealed terminal plate is sealed to said second part of said electrically conductive sealed terminal plate by soldering, brazing, welding, or gluing.
8. A fuel cell stack according to claim 1 , further comprising at least one combustion heater comprising a combustion chamber sandwiched between a pair of adjacent ones of said inboard cells.
9. A fuel cell system comprising:
a fuel cell stack having a pair of end cells sandwiching a plurality of inboard cells therebetween;
an electrically conductive sealed terminal plate including a first part having a combustion chamber formed therein and a second part sealed to said first part to seal said combustion chamber and form said electrically conductive sealed terminal plate; said electrically conductive sealed terminal plate engaging one of said pair of end cells and configured for collecting electrical current generated by said stack and for directly, conductively heating said end cells while cold-starting said stack, said first part of said electrically conductive sealed terminal plate comprising:
internal walls defining said combustion chamber, said combustion chamber comprising a plurality of header channels coupled to a plurality of downstream footer channels via a plurality of intermediate channels extending between each of said header channels and said footer channels,
a catalyst in said combustion chamber for promoting an exothermal chemical oxidation of H 2 ,
an inlet to an inlet manifold channel that supplies said header channels of said combustion chamber for admitting a sub-LEL mixture of H 2 and air to said combustion chamber, and
an outlet from an exhaust manifold channel that receives gas from said intermediate channels from said combustion chamber for exhausting H 2 O and H 2 -depleted air from said combustion chamber;
a compressor for supplying air;
a first supply of air from said compressor to said stack;
a second supply of air from said compressor to said combustion chamber;
an H 2 -source for providing H 2 to said stack and to said second supply of air being supplied to said combustion chamber;
an H 2 -injector for controlling the a flow of H 2 from said source to the said second supply air being supplied to said combustion chamber;
a timer for triggering each said H 2 -injector to terminate said flow of H 2 after a prescribed interval of time has elapsed after said flow of H 2 has commenced; and
at least one combustion heater comprising a combustion chamber sandwiched between a pair of adjacent ones of said inboard cells.
10. A fuel cell system according to claim 9 wherein each of said first part and said second part is a monopolar end plate and each of said inboard cells is a bipolar plate.
11. A fuel cell system according to claim 9 wherein said plurality of footer channels slope downwardly toward said outlet to facilitate drainage of water from said combustion chamber, wherein said slope of the footer channels is from 1 to 89 degrees.
12. A fuel cell system according to claim 11 further comprising a hydrophobic coating on said internal walls to promote drainage of water from said flow channels.
13. A fuel cell system according to claim 9 wherein said catalyst is located at localized areas of said channels selected to achieve substantially uniform heating of said heating face.
14. A fuel cell system according to claim 9 , further comprising at least one combustion heater comprising a combustion chamber sandwiched between a pair of adjacent ones of said inboard cells.