Fuel cell system relative humidity control
Operating strategy for a fuel cell system controls the hydration level of the membranes in the fuel cells and achieves a desired operational performance. The membrane hydration level is managed by controlling the relative humidity of the cathode gas flowing through the cathode flow path. Targeted relative humidity set points for the cathode gas entering and exiting the cathode flow path are established based on the water vapor in the cathode gas. Temperature set points for the cathode gas to achieve the targeted relative humidity are established. The coolant supply subsystem is operated to cause the required cathode gas temperatures to be achieved.
1 . A method of operating a fuel cell system having a fuel cell stack with a plurality of fuel cells and a cathode flow path therethrough, the method comprising:
(a) selecting a first target relative humidity for a fluid flow entering the cathode flow path;
(b) selecting a second target relative humidity for said fluid flow exiting the cathode flow path; and
(c) adjusting operating parameters of the fuel cell system to substantially achieve said first and second targeted relative humidities for said fluid flow respectively entering and exiting the cathode flow path.
2 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
determining a first temperature of said fluid flow entering the cathode flow path that achieves said first targeted relative humidity; and
determining a second temperature of said fluid flow exiting the cathode flow path that achieves said second targeted relative humidity,
wherein (c) includes adjusting operating parameters of the fuel cell system to substantially achieve said first and second temperatures for said fluid flow respectively entering and exiting the cathode flow path.
3 . The method of claim 2 , wherein the fuel cell system includes a coolant supply system and (c) includes adjusting operating parameters of the coolant supply system to substantially achieve said first and second temperatures for said fluid flow respectively entering and exiting the cathode flow path.
4 . The method of claim 3 , wherein (c) includes adjusting at least one of a flow rate of a coolant fluid flowing through the fuel cell stack and a coolant bypass valve that selectively allows a portion of said coolant fluid exiting the fuel cell stack to bypass a heat removal element prior to flowing back into the fuel cell stack.
5 . The method of claim 3 , wherein (c) includes adjusting a stoichiometric quantity of said fluid flow entering the cathode flow path to supplement said adjusting of operating parameters of the coolant supply system when adjusting operating parameters of the coolant supply system results in a response time to achieve said first and second temperatures greater than a predetermined value.
6 . The method of claim 2 , wherein determining said second temperature is based upon a molar fraction of water in said fluid flow exiting the cathode flow path.
7 . The method of claim 6 , wherein determining said second temperature includes determining said molar fraction of water in said fluid flow exiting the cathode flow path by performing a mass balance for the cathode flow path.
8 . The method of claim 6 , wherein determining said second temperature is based upon said molar fraction of water and a pressure of said fluid flow exiting the cathode flow path.
9 . The method of claim 2 , wherein determining said first temperature is based upon a quantity of water vapor in said fluid flow prior to entering the cathode flow path.
10 . The method of claim 9 , wherein determining said first temperature is based upon a quantity of water vapor in said fluid flow exiting a humidifying device prior to entering the cathode flow path.
11 . A method of operating a fuel cell system having a coolant supply subsystem and fuel cell stack with cathode and coolant flow paths therethrough, the method comprising:
(a) selecting a first target relative humidity for a fluid flow entering the cathode flow path, said fluid flow having a known quantity of water vapor and a known temperature prior to entering the cathode flow path;
(b) determining a first temperature of said fluid flow entering the cathode flow path that substantially achieves said first targeted relative humidity;
(c) selecting a second target relative humidity for said fluid flow exiting the cathode flow path;
(d) determining a second temperature of said fluid flow exiting the cathode flow path that substantially achieves said second targeted relative humidity based upon a molar fraction of water in said fluid flow exiting the cathode flow path; and
(e) adjusting operating parameters of the coolant supply subsystem to substantially achieve said first and second temperatures for said fluid flow respectively entering and exiting the cathode flow path.
12 . The method of claim 11 , wherein (e) includes adjusting at least one of a flow rate of a coolant fluid flowing through the coolant flow path and a coolant bypass valve that selectively allows a portion of said coolant fluid exiting the coolant flow path to bypass a heat removal element prior to flowing back into the coolant flow path.
13 . The method of claim 11 , further comprising establishing a known quantity of water vapor in said fluid flow with a humidifying device prior to said fluid flow entering the cathode flow path and wherein (b) includes determining said first temperature based upon said known quantity of water vapor in said fluid flow exiting said humidifying device.
14 . The method of claim 11 , wherein (d) includes determining said molar fraction of water in said fluid flow exiting the cathode flow path by performing a mass balance for the cathode flow path.
15 . The method of claim 11 , wherein (d) includes determining said second temperature is based upon said molar fraction of water and a pressure of said fluid flow exiting the cathode flow path.
16 . The method of claim 11 , wherein (e) includes adjusting a stoichiometric quantity of said fluid flow entering the cathode flow path to supplement said adjusting of operating parameters of the coolant supply subsystem when adjusting operating parameters of the coolant supply subsystem results in a response time to achieve said first and second temperatures greater than a predetermined value.
17 . A method of operating a fuel cell stack having a plurality of fuel cells and cathode and coolant flow paths therethrough, the method comprising:
(a) selecting a first target relative humidity for a fluid flow entering the cathode flow path, said fluid flow having a known quantity of water vapor and a known temperature prior to entering the cathode flow path;
(b) determining a first temperature of said fluid flow entering the cathode flow path that substantially achieves said first targeted relative humidity;
(c) selecting a second target relative humidity for said fluid flow exiting the cathode flow path;
(d) determining a second temperature of said fluid flow exiting the cathode flow path that substantially achieves said second targeted relative humidity based upon a molar fraction of water in said fluid flow exiting the cathode flow path;
(e) adjusting operating parameters of a coolant supply system to substantially achieve said first and second temperatures, said coolant supply system supplying a coolant flow to the coolant flow path; and
(f) adjusting a stoichiometric quantity of said fluid flow entering the cathode flow path to supplement said adjusting of operating parameters of said coolant supply system when adjusting operating parameters of said coolant supply system results in a response time to achieve said first and second temperatures greater than a predetermined value.
18 . The method of claim 17 , wherein (e) includes adjusting at least one of a flow rate of a coolant fluid flowing through the coolant flow path and a coolant bypass valve that selectively allows a portion of said coolant fluid exiting the coolant flow path to bypass a heat removal element prior to flowing back into the coolant flow path.
19 . The method of claim 17 , further comprising establishing a known quantity of water vapor in said fluid flow with a humidifying device prior to said fluid flow entering the cathode flow path and wherein (b) includes determining said first temperature based upon said known quantity of water vapor in said fluid flow exiting said humidifying device.
20 . The method of claim 17 , wherein (d) includes determining said molar fraction of water in said fluid flow exiting the cathode flow path by performing a mass balance for the cathode flow path.
21 . The method of claim 17 , wherein (d) includes determining said second temperature based upon said molar fraction of water and a pressure of said fluid flow exiting the cathode flow path.