Evaporative cooling system for fuel cell systems using cathode product water
A fuel cell system including a fuel cell stack that employs a thermal sub-system having a specialized radiator. The cooling fluid from the fuel cell stack is directed through the radiator to remove or dissipate waste heat before the cooling fluid is returned to the stack. The radiator includes a selectively permeable wall that allows liquid water or water vapor to selectively permeate therethrough to the outside of the radiator, where it is evaporated to increase the cooling ability of the radiator. A water separator separates water from the cathode exhaust of the fuel cell stack, which is used to replenish water in the cooling fluid that is evaporated through the radiator wall.
1 . A fuel cell system comprising:
a fuel cell stack providing a cathode exhaust on a cathode exhaust line, said cathode exhaust including gaseous and liquid water;
a liquid water separator receiving the cathode exhaust from the cathode exhaust line and separating the liquid water therefrom; and
a thermal sub-system including a pump, a coolant loop and a radiator, said pump pumping a cooling fluid through the coolant loop, the radiator and the fuel cell stack, said radiator including a selectively permeable wall portion that allows water in the cooling fluid flowing through the radiator to permeate therethrough and be evaporated at an external surface of the wall portion.
2 . The fuel cell system according to claim 1 wherein the material of the permeable wall portion has properties that only allows water vapor to diffuse through the wall portion.
3 . The fuel cell system according to claim 1 wherein the selectively permeable wall portion includes a cross-linked poly-vinyl alcohol on a polyethersulfone support.
4 . The fuel cell system according to claim 1 wherein the selectively permeable wall portion includes a cross-linked Chitosan membrane.
5 . The fuel cell system according to claim 1 wherein the radiator includes a support structure for supporting the selectively permeable wall portion.
6 . The fuel cell system according to claim 5 wherein the support structure is a mesh-like metal structure.
7 . The fuel cell system according to claim 1 wherein the permeation of the water in the cooling fluid through the wall portion is controlled by the temperature and pressure of the cooling fluid flowing through the radiator.
8 . The fuel cell system according to claim 1 wherein the thermal sub-system includes a fan, said fan forcing air against the wall portion so as to increase the evaporative cooling.
9 . The fuel cell system according to claim 1 wherein the thermal sub-system includes a coolant reservoir, and wherein the liquid water separated from the cathode exhaust by the water separator is sent to the coolant reservoir.
10 . The fuel cell system according to claim 1 wherein the cooling fluid is a water and glycol mixture having a concentration of water and glycol in a predetermined range.
11 . The fuel cell system according to claim 1 wherein the fuel cell system is on a vehicle.
12 . A fuel cell system comprising:
a fuel cell stack providing a cathode exhaust on a cathode exhaust line, said cathode exhaust including gaseous and liquid water; and
a thermal sub-system including a pump, a coolant loop and a radiator, said pump pumping a cooling fluid through the coolant loop, the radiator and the fuel cell stack, said radiator including a selectively permeable wall portion that allows water in the cooling fluid flowing through the radiator to permeate therethrough and be evaporated at an external surface of the wall portion.
13 . The fuel cell system according to claim 12 wherein the material of the porous wall portion has properties that only allows water vapor to disffuse through the porous wall portion.
14 . The fuel cell system according to claim 12 wherein the selectively permeable wall portion includes a cross-linked poly-vinyl alcohol on a polyethersulfone support.
15 . The fuel cell system according to claim 12 wherein the selectively permeable wall portion includes a cross-linked Chitosan membrane.
16 . The fuel cell system according to claim 12 wherein the radiator includes a support structure for supporting the selectively permeable wall portion.
17 . The fuel cell system according to claim 16 wherein the support structure is a mesh-like metal structure.
18 . The fuel cell system according to claim 12 wherein the permeation of the water in the cooling fluid through the wall portion is controlled by the temperature and pressure of the cooling fluid flow through the radiator.
19 . The fuel cell system according to claim 12 wherein the cooling fluid is a water and glycol mixture having a concentration of water and glycol in a predetermined range.
20 . A fuel cell system for a vehicle, said system comprising:
a fuel cell stack providing a cathode exhaust on a cathode exhaust line, said cathode exhaust including gaseous and liquid water;
a liquid water separator receiving the cathode exhaust from the cathode exhaust line and separating liquid water therefrom; and
a thermal sub-system including a pump, a coolant loop, a radiator and a coolant reservoir, said pump pumping a cooling fluid through the coolant loop, the radiator and the fuel cell stack, said radiator including a selectively permeable wall portion that allows water in the cooling fluid flowing through the radiator to permeate therethrough and be evaporated at an external surface of the wall portion, and wherein the liquid water separated from the cathode exhaust by the water separator is sent to the coolant reservoir.
21 . The fuel cell system according to claim 20 wherein the thermal sub-system includes a fan, said fan forcing air against the wall portion so as to increase the evaporative cooling.
22 . The fuel cell system according to claim 20 wherein the material of the wall portion has properties that only allows water vapor to diffuse through the wall portion.
23 . The fuel cell system according to claim 20 wherein the selectively permeable wall portion includes a cross-linked poly-vinyl alcohol on a polyethersulfone support.
24 . The fuel cell system according to claim 20 wherein the selectively permeable wall portion includes a cross-linked Chitosan membrane.
25 . The fuel cell system according to claim 1 wherein the radiator includes a support structure for supporting the selectively permeable wall portion.
26 . The fuel cell system according to claim 25 wherein the support structure is a mesh-like metal structure.
27 . The fuel cell system according to claim 20 wherein the permeation of the cooling fluid through the wall portion is controlled by the temperature and pressure of the cooling fluid flow through the radiator.
28 . The fuel cell system according to claim 20 wherein the cooling fluid is a water and glycol mixture having a concentration of water and glycol in a predetermined range.