Additives for fuel cell layers
A fuel cell comprising: a first layer comprising a first ionomer and an additive, the additive comprising a metal oxide comprising an oxide at least one of of Ce, Mn, V, Pt, Ru, Zr, Ni, Cr, W, Co, Mo, or Sn, and wherein the additive is present in at least 0.1 weight percent of the ionomer is disclosed as one embodiment of the invention, and performance and durability are advantaged wherein one or all of the metal oxide consists essentially nanoparticles.
1. A process comprising:
forming a dispersion comprising a first ionomer, an additive, and at least one of an alcohol or water; said ionomer comprising a polymeric molecule having a carbon-fluorine backbone chain with perfluoro side chains containing sulfonic groups;
casting and drying the dispersion to form a dried first layer comprising the first ionomer and additive, the additive comprising nanoparticles of a metal oxide having at least one dimension that is less than 200 nm and a metal oxide purity ranging from 90-100 percent pure, the nanoparticles of the metal oxide being present in at least one weight percent of the dried first layer, and wherein the nanoparticles of the metal oxide comprise one of the following: (1) CeO 2 and CoO; (2) CeO 2 and Co 2 O 3 ; (3) CeO 2 and VO; (4) CeO 2 and VO 2 ; (5) CeO 2 and V 2 O 3 ; (6) CeO 2 and V 2 O 5 ; (7) CeO 2 and either MoO 3 or MoO 2 ; (8) NiO 2 and at least one of RuO 2 , WO 3 , PtO 2 or SnO 2 ; or (9) CrO 2 and at least one of RuO 2 , WO 3 , PtO 2 or SnO 2 .
2. A process as set forth in claim 1 wherein the dispersion comprises water.
3. A process as set forth in claim 1 wherein the alcohol comprises at least one of ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, or 1-butanol.
4. A process as set forth in claim 1 wherein the first layer after the drying has a thickness ranging from 1-50 microns.
5. A process as set forth in claim 1 wherein the first layer after the drying has a thickness ranging from 5-35 microns.
6. A process as set forth in claim 1 wherein the first layer after the drying has a thickness ranging from 8-12 microns.
7. A process as set forth in claim 1 further comprising milling the dispersion prior to the casting and drying.
8. A process as set forth in claim 7 wherein the milling further comprises using glass beads as a grinding media.
9. A process as set forth in claim 1 wherein the metal oxide comprises one of the following: (1) CeO 2 and VO 2 ; (2) CeO 2 and V 2 O 3 ; (3) CeO 2 and V 2 O 5 ; (4) CeO 2 and either MoO 3 or MoO 2 ; or (5) NiO 2 and at least one of RuO 2 , WO 3 , PtO 2 or CrO 2 .
10. A method as set forth in claim 1 wherein said first layer has a fluoride release rate in a fuel cell of 10 −7 g fluoride per cm 2 per hour.
11. A product as set forth in claim 1 wherein the additive consists essentially of nanoparticles.
12. A process comprising:
dispersing a first additive in a first ionomer to form a first mixture; said first additive comprising a nanoparticle of CeO 2 , NiO 2 or CrO 2 ;
forming a first fuel cell substrate layer from the first mixture;
dispersing a second additive in a second ionomer to form a second mixture; said second additive comprising a nanoparticle of MnO 2 , CoO, Co 2 O 3 , VO, V 2 O 3 , VO 2 , V 2 O 5 , MoO 2 , MoO 3 , RuO 2 , PtO 2 , WO 3 , or SnO 2 ;
forming a second fuel cell substrate layer from the second mixture; and
combining the first fuel cell substrate layer with the second fuel cell substrate layer.
13. A process as set forth in claim 12 wherein at least one of said first and second ionomers comprise a polymeric molecule having a carbon-fluorine backbone chain with perfluoro side chains containing sulfonic groups.
14. A process as set forth in claim 13 wherein the first fuel cell substrate layer is configured to be on the anode side and the second fuel cell substrate layer is configured to be on the cathode side of the fuel cell.
15. A process as set forth in claim 13 ; said combining comprising overlying said second fuel cell substrate layer over said first fuel cell substrate layer to form a fuel cell membrane layer.
16. A process as set forth in claim 12 further comprising forming a third fuel cell substrate layer comprising a third ionomer; said third fuel cell substrate layer being substantially free of metal oxides; and said combining comprising disposing said third fuel cell substrate layer between said first fuel cell substrate layer and said second fuel cell substrate layer.
17. A process as set forth in claim 12 wherein said first fuel cell substrate layer and said second fuel cell substrate layer are catalyst layers overlying a membrane layer of said fuel cell.
18. A process as set forth in claim 16 wherein the first additive is CeO 2 and the second additive is MnO 2 , V 2 O 3 , or V 2 O 5 .
19. A process as set forth in 16 wherein the first fuel cell substrate layer is configured to be on the anode side and the second fuel cell substrate layer is configured to be on the cathode side of the fuel cell, and each of the first layer, second layer and third layer have a thickness ranging from 5-12 microns.
20. A process as set forth in claim 15 wherein said first additive is CeO 2 and said second additive is MnO 2 , V 2 O 3 , or V 2 O 5 .
21. A process as set forth in claim 12 wherein said first fuel substrate layer and second fuel substrate layer are in direct contact with each other.
22. A process as set forth in claim 12 wherein said first mixture further comprises at least one of alcohol or water.
23. A process as set forth in claim 12 wherein said first mixture is a liquid mixture.
24. A process as set forth in claim 12 wherein said second mixture further comprises at least one of alcohol or water.
25. A process as set forth in claim 12 wherein said second mixture is a liquid mixture.