Fretting and whisker resistant coating system and method
View Patent ↗An electrically conductive material coated with a plurality of layers, includes a metal or metal alloy substrate; a barrier layer deposited on said substrate effective to inhibit diffusion of constituents of said substrate to said plurality of layers; a sacrificial layer deposited on said barrier layer effective to form intermetallic compounds with tin; a low resistivity oxide metal layer deposited on said sacrificial layer; and an outermost layer of tin or a tin-base alloy directly deposited on said low resistivity oxide metal layer.
1. An electrically conductive material coated with a plurality of layers, comprising:
a metal or metal alloy substrate;
a barrier layer deposited on said substrate effective to inhibit diffusion of constituents of said substrate to said plurality of layers;
a sacrificial layer deposited on said barrier layer effective to form intermetallic compounds with tin;
a low resistivity oxide metal layer deposited on said sacrificial layer; and
an outermost layer of tin or a tin-base alloy directly deposited on said low resistivity oxide metal layer.
2. The electrically conductive material of claim 1 wherein said barrier layer is selected from the group consisting of nickel, cobalt, iron, manganese, chromium, molybdenum and alloys thereof.
3. The electrically conductive material of claim 2 wherein said barrier layer has a thickness of from 4 microinches to 40 microinches.
4. The electrically conductive material of claim 3 wherein said barrier layer is nickel or a nickel-base alloy.
5. The electrically conductive material of claim 4 wherein said nickel or nickel-base alloy barrier layer has a thickness of from 4 microinches to 20 microinches.
6. The electrically conductive material of claim 4 wherein said sacrificial layer is copper or a copper-base alloy.
7. The electrically conductive material of claim 6 wherein said copper or copper-base alloy sacrificial layer has a thickness of from 2 microinches to 60 microinches.
8. The electrically conductive material of claim 7 wherein said copper or copper-base alloy sacrificial layer has a thickness of from 4 microinches to 20 microinches.
9. The electrically conductive material of claim 1 wherein said low resistivity oxide metal layer is selected from the group silver, indium, iron, zinc, niobium, rhenium, ruthenium, vanadium, gold, platinum, palladium and alloys thereof.
10. The electrically conductive material of claim 9 wherein said low resistivity oxide metal layer has a thickness of from 5 microinches to 40 microinches.
11. The electrically conductive material of claim 10 wherein said low resistivity oxide metal layer is silver or a silver-base alloy.
12. The electrically conductive material of claim 11 wherein said silver or silver-base alloy layer has a thickness of from 5 microinches to 20 microinches.
13. The electrically conductive material of claim 11 wherein said outermost layer of tin or a tin-base alloy has an average grain size in excess of 0.5 millimeter.
14. An electrical connector assembly including a socket and a probe, with at least one of said socket or probe comprising:
a metal or metal alloy substrate;
a barrier layer deposited on said substrate effective to inhibit diffusion of constituents of said substrate to said plurality of layers;
a sacrificial layer deposited on said barrier layer effective to form intermetallic compounds with tin;
a low resistivity oxide metal layer deposited on said sacrificial layer; and
an outermost layer of tin or a tin-base alloy directly deposited on said low resistivity oxide metal layer.
15. The electrical connector assembly of claim 14 wherein said barrier layer is selected from the group consisting of nickel, cobalt, iron, manganese, chromium, molybdenum and alloys thereof.
16. The electrical connector assembly of claim 15 wherein said barrier layer has a thickness of from 4 microinches to 40 microinches.
17. The electrical connector assembly of claim 16 wherein said barrier layer is nickel or a nickel-base alloy.
18. The electrical connector assembly of claim 17 wherein said sacrificial layer is copper or a copper-base alloy.
19. The electrical connector assembly of claim 18 wherein said copper or copper-base alloy sacrificial layer has a thickness of from 2 microinches to 60 microinches.
20. The electrical connector assembly of claim 19 wherein said low resistivity oxide metal layer is selected from the group silver, indium, iron, zinc, niobium, rhenium, ruthenium, vanadium, gold, platinum, palladium and alloys thereof.
21. The electrical connector assembly of claim 20 wherein said low resistivity oxide metal layer has a thickness of from 4 microinches to 40 microinches.
22. The electrical connector assembly of claim 21 wherein said low resistivity oxide metal layer is silver or a silver-base alloy.
23. The electrical connector assembly of claim 22 wherein said outermost layer of tin or a tin-base alloy has an average grain size in excess of 0.5 millimeter.
24. The electrically conductive material of claim 1 wherein the substrate is copper or copper alloy.
25. The electrical connector assembly of claim 14 wherein the substrate is copper or copper alloy.