Method of washing beads
The invention provides a method of redistributing magnetically responsive beads in a droplet. The method may include providing a droplet including magnetically responsive beads. The droplet may be provided within a region of a magnetic field having sufficient strength to attract the magnetically responsive beads to an edge of the droplet or towards an edge of the droplet, or otherwise regionalize or aggregate beads within the droplet. The method may also include conducting on a droplet operations surface one or more droplet operations using the droplet without removing the magnetically responsive beads from the region of the magnetic field. The droplet operations may in some cases be electrode-mediated. The droplet operations may redistribute and/or circulate the magnetically responsive beads within the droplet. In some cases, the droplet may include a sample droplet may include a target analyte. The redistributing of the magnetically responsive beads may cause target analyte to bind to the magnetically responsive beads. In some cases, the droplet may include unbound substances in a wash buffer. The redistributing of the magnetically responsive beads causes unbound substances to be freed from interstices of an aggregated set or subset of the magnetically responsive beads.
1. A method of washing beads comprising:
(a) providing a droplet actuator comprising:
(i) two substrates arranged to provide a gap;
(ii) electrodes associated with one or both of the two substrates and arranged for conducting droplet operations in the gap;
(iii) a starting droplet situated in the gap comprising magnetically responsive beads within a region of a magnetic field and a starting concentration of the substance;
(b) conducting one or more electrowetting-mediated droplet operations to merge a wash droplet with the droplet provided in step (a)(iii) to yield a combined droplet;
(c) conducting one or more droplet operations while restraining the beads to divide the combined droplet, yielding a set of daughter droplets comprising:
(i) a first daughter droplet retaining at least about 99% of the beads and having a decreased concentration of the substance relative to the starting concentration;
(ii) a second daughter droplet which is separated from the at least one surface; and
(d) transporting the first daughter droplet away from the magnetic field.
2. The method of claim 1 comprising repeating steps (b) and (c) until a 99% reduction in the starting material is achieved relative to the starting concentration of the substance.
3. The method of claim 1 comprising repeating steps (b) and (c) until a 99.9% reduction in the starting material is achieved relative to the starting concentration of the substance.
4. The method of claim 1 comprising repeating steps (b) and (c) until a 99.99% reduction in the starting material is achieved relative to the starting concentration of the substance.
5. The method of claim 1 comprising repeating steps (b) and (c) until a 99.999% reduction in the starting material is achieved relative to the starting concentration of the substance.
6. The method of claim 1 comprising repeating steps (b) and (c) until a 99.999% reduction in the starting material is achieved relative to the starting concentration of the substance and substantially all of the beads are retained relative to the quantity of beads provided in the starting droplet.
7. The method of claim 1 comprising repeating steps (b) and (c) until a 99.999% reduction in the starting material is achieved relative to the starting concentration of the substance and substantially all of the beads are retained relative to the quantity of beads provided in the starting droplet.
8. The method of claim 1 comprising repeating steps (b) and (c) until a 99.999% reduction in the starting material is achieved relative to the starting concentration of the substance and substantially all of the beads are retained relative to the quantity of beads provided in the starting droplet.
9. The method of claim 1 comprising repeating steps (b) and (c) until a 99.999% reduction in the starting material is achieved relative to the starting concentration of the substance and substantially all of the beads are retained relative to the quantity of beads provided in the starting droplet.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the restraining comprises aggregating the beads in a region of the droplet.
11. The method of claim 1 further comprising combining the first daughter droplet with a second droplet to yield a combined droplet and transporting the combined droplet away from the magnetic field.