Composite membranes and methods of preparation thereof

1. A composite membrane comprising an active layer over a support, wherein the active layer comprises:

a first sublayer comprising a crosslinked aromatic polyamide, wherein the first sublayer is adjacent the support; and

a second sublayer crosslinked at an interface with the first sublayer, wherein the second sublayer comprises the following structure:

wherein:

each —R 1 is independently a hydrogen or a methyl group;

—R 2 — is a linear, branched or cyclic divalent radical selected from the group consisting of alkylenes, fluoroalkylenes, arylenes, arylalkylenes, alkylarylenes, and silicon containing groups;

—X 1 — is a divalent radical selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(H)—, and —N(R 5 )—, wherein —R 5 is a monovalent radical comprising 1 to 20 carbon atoms;

each —X 2 — is a divalent radical independently selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(H)—, and —N(R 5 )—, wherein —R 5 is a monovalent radical comprising 1 to 20 carbon atoms;

a′, b′, c′, and y′ are positive numbers;

n is a positive integer greater than 1;

—K 1 is a monovalent radical selected from the group consisting of —NH 2 — and —N(H)(R 4 )—, wherein —R 4 is a monovalent radical comprising 1 to 50 carbon atoms;

—R 6 — is a divalent radical selected from the group consisting of a ethylene, 2-propylene, butylene, and combinations thereof;

—Z 1 is a monovalent radical selected from the group consisting of —H, —R 7 , -L 1 -NH 2 , -L 1 -N(H)(R 7 ), -L 1 -N(R 7 ) 2 , and hydrogen salt forms of any of the foregoing amine groups, wherein —R 7 is a monovalent hydrocarbon radical comprising 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and wherein -L 1 - is a divalent radical comprising 1 to 20 carbon atoms;

—R 8 is a cationic monovalent radical comprising a member selected from the group consisting of quaternary ammonium salts, sulfonium salts, phosphonium salts, and combination thereof, wherein —R 8 has a net positive charge; and

-Q 1 - is linking group chemically bound to the first sublayer.

2. The composite membrane of claim 1 , wherein a′−y′=0, —X 1 — is —O—, —R 6 — is ethylene (—CH 2 CH 2 —), and —R 8 comprises a quaternary ammonium group, wherein —R 8 — has a net positive charge.

3. The composite membrane of claim 1 , wherein the second sublayer has a thickness of greater than 0 nm and less than or equal to 20 nm.

4. A composite membrane comprising an active layer over a support, wherein the active layer comprises:

a first sublayer comprising a crosslinked aromatic polyamide, wherein the first sublayer is adjacent the support; and

a second sublayer crosslinked at an interface with the first sublayer, wherein the second sublayer comprises the following structure:

wherein,

each —R 1 is independently a hydrogen or a methyl group;

—R 2 — is a linear, branched or cyclic divalent radical selected from the group consisting of alkylenes, fluoroalkylenes, arylenes, arylalkylenes, alkylarylenes, and silicon containing groups;

—X 1 — is a divalent radical selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(H)—, and —N(R 5 )—, wherein —R 5 is a monovalent radical comprising 1 to 20 carbon atoms;

each —X 2 — is a divalent radical independently selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(H)—, and —N(R 5 )—, wherein —R 5 is a monovalent radical comprising 1 to 20 carbon atoms;

d′, e′, f′, and y′ are positive numbers;

n is a positive integer greater than 1;

—K 1 is a monovalent radical selected from the group consisting of —NH 2 — and —NH(R 4 ), wherein —R 4 is a monovalent radical comprising 1 to 50 carbon atoms;

—R 6 — is a divalent radical selected from the group consisting of a ethylene, 2-propylene, butylene, and combinations thereof;

—Z 1 is a monovalent radical selected from the group consisting of —H, —R 7 , -L 1 -NH 2 , -L 1 -NHR 7 , -L 1 -N(R 7 ) 2 , and hydrogen salt forms of any of the foregoing amine groups, wherein —R 7 is a monovalent radical comprising 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and -L 1 - is a divalent radical comprising 1 to 20 carbon atoms;

—R 9 is a zwitterionic monovalent radical comprising i) a cationic group selected from the group consisting of quaternary ammonium groups, sulfonium groups, phosphonium groups, and combinations thereof, and ii) an anionic group selected from the group consisting of carboxylate (—CO 2 − ), sulfonate (—SO 3 − ), and sulfinate (—SO 2 − ), wherein —R 9 — has a net zero charge; and

-Q 1 - is linking group comprising N—H or N—R 10 , wherein R 10 is an alkyl group, and wherein Q 1 is chemically bound to the first sublayer.

5. The composite membrane of claim 4 , wherein —X 1 — is —O—, —R 6 — is ethylene, and —R 9 comprises i) a cationic group comprising a quaternary ammonium group, and ii) an anionic group comprising a sulfonate group (—SO 3 − ), wherein —R 9 has a net zero charge.

6. The composite membrane of claim 4 , wherein —C(═O)—X 1 —R 9 — is selected from the group consisting of:

and combinations thereof.