Electron transport in hexacyanometallate electrode for electrochemical applications
A structure of intimately contacting carbon-hexacyanometallate is provided for forming a metal-ion battery electrode. Several methods are provided for forming the carbon-hexacyanometallate intimate contact. These methods include (1) adding conducting carbon during the synthesis of hexacyanometallate and forming the carbon-hexacyanometallate powder prior to forming the paste for electrode printing; (2) coating with conducting carbon after hexacyanometallate powder formation and prior to forming the paste for electrode printing; and (3) coating a layer of conducting carbon over the hexacyanometallate electrode.
1. A method for forming a carbon-hexacyanometailate battery electrode, the method comprising:
adding conducting carbon during the synthesis of hexacyanometallate;
collecting carbon-hexacyanometallate (AM1M2(CN) 6 ) structures;
washing the carbon-hexacyanometallate structures in deionized water; and,
drying the carbon-hexacyanometallate structures.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein adding carbon during the synthesis of hexacyanometallate includes:
combining conducting carbon with a potassium ferricyanide solution, forming a first solution;
stirring the first solution;
preparing a Fe 2+ solution;
combining the Fe 2+ solution with the first solution, forming a second solution;
stirring the second solution; and,
wherein collecting carbon-hexacyanometallate (AM1M2(CN) 6 ) structures includes collecting carbon-hexacyanometallate (AM1M2(CN) 6 ) structures from the second solution.
3. The method of claim 1 further comprising;
mixing the carbon-hexacyanometallate structures with a binder and electronic conductor powder in a low boiling point solvent;
forming a carbon-AM1M2(CN) 6 paste;
coating a metal current collector with the paste; and,
drying the paste to form an electrode.
4. The method of claim wherein adding conducting carbon includes the conducting carbon being in a form selected from a group consisting of a particle having a size in a range of 10 nanometers (nm) to 20 microns, a carbon sheet, graphene, nonoparticles, nanotubes, and wires.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein forming the carbon-AM1M2(CN) 6 paste includes forming a paste with a plurality of hexacyanometallate particles bonded to each carbon form, where the bond is selected from a group consisting of a physical bond and a chemical bond.
6. The method of claim 3 wherein forming the carbon-AM1M2(CN) 6 paste includes forming a paste with a plurality of carbon forms bonded to each hexacyanometallate particle, where the bond is selected from a group consisting of a physical bond and a chemical bond.
7. The method of claim 3 wherein forming the carbon-AM1M2(CN) 6 paste includes forming a paste with hexacyanometallate particles have a size in a range of 10 nm to 10 microns.
8. A method for forming a carbon-hexacanometailate battery electrode, the method comprising:
forming hexacyanometallate (AM1M2(CN) 6 ) particles;
coating the hexacyanometallate particles with a conducting carbon; and,
forming carbon-AM 1M2(CN) 6 structures.
9. The method of claim 8 further comprising:
mixing the carbon-hexacyanometallate structures with a binder and electronic conductor powder in a low boiling point solvent;
forming a carbon-AM1 x M2 y (CN) 6 paste;
coating a metal current collector with the paste; and,
drying the paste to form an electrode.
10. The method of claim 8 wherein coating the hexacyanometallate particles with the conducting carbon includes using conducting carbon in a form selected from a group consisting of a particle having a size in a range of 10 nanometers (nm) to 20 microns, a carbon sheet, graphene, nanoparticles, nanotubes, and wires.
11. The method of claim 9 wherein forming the carbon-AM1M2(CN) 6 paste includes forming a paste with a plurality of carbon atoms bonded to each hexacyanometallate molecule, where the bond is selected from a group consisting of a physical bond and a chemical bond.
12. The method of claim 8 wherein forming hexacyanometallate particles includes forming the hexacyanometallate particles using a process selected from a group consisting of template, hydrothermal, co-deposition, and sonochemical synthesis.
13. The method of claim 8 wherein coating the hexacyanometallate particles with the conducting carbon includes using a process selected from a group consisting of atomic layer deposition (ALD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), hydrothermal synthesis, and ball milling.
14. The method of claim 8 wherein forming hexacyanometallate particles includes forming hexacyanometallate particles having a size in a range of 10 nm to 10 microns.
15. A method for forming a carbon-hexacyanometallate battery electrode, the method. comprising:
forming hexacyanometallate particles;
mixing the hexacyanometallate particles with a binder and a conducting carbon powder in a low boiling point solvent;
forming a carbon-AM1M2(CN) 6 paste comprising hexacyanoinetailate particles coated. with the conducting carbon;
coating a metal. current collector with the paste;
drying the paste to form. an. electrode; and,
coating the electrode with a layer of conducing materials.
16. The method, of claim 15 wherein coating the electrode with the layer of materials includes using a deposition process selected from a group consisting of chemical vapor deposition (CND), vapor phase atomic layer deposition (ALD), and liquid phase coating.
17. The method of claim 15 wherein coating the electrode with the layer of conducting materials includes using a conducting material having a thickness in a range from 0.5 nanometers (pm) to 20 nm, where the material, is selected from a group consisting of carbon (C) and a metal material.
18. The method of claim 15 wherein coating the electrode with the layer of materials includes coating with carbon in a. manner selected from a group consisting of fully covering and partially covering the AM1M2(CN) 6 particle surfaces.
19. The method of claim 15 wherein forming the hexacyanometallate particle includes forming hexacyanometallate particles having a size in a range of 10 nm to 10 microns.