Resonant optical transducers for in-situ gas detection
Configurations for in-situ gas detection are provided, and include miniaturized photonic devices, low-optical-loss, guided-wave structures and state-selective adsorption coatings. High quality factor semiconductor resonators have been demonstrated in different configurations, such as micro-disks, micro-rings, micro-toroids, and photonic crystals with the properties of very narrow NIR transmission bands and sensitivity up to 10 −9 (change in complex refractive index). The devices are therefore highly sensitive to changes in optical properties to the device parameters and can be tunable to the absorption of the chemical species of interest. Appropriate coatings applied to the device enhance state-specific molecular detection.
1. A resonant optical transducer (ROT), comprising a semiconductor-based edge-emitting laser (EEL) including a state-selective thin-film functionalized adsorption layer in contact with said EEL.
2. The ROT of claim 1 , wherein said EEL comprises:
a substrate;
an upper gain guiding ridge layer in contact with a first Major side of said substrate;
top electrically conductive contact in contact with said upper gain guiding ridge layer;
a bottom electrically conductive contact in contact with a second major side of said substrate; and
an optical resonator formed at the front and rear substrate facets, respectively, normal to the optical axis of said EEL, wherein said front and rear substrate facets are perpendicular to said first major side and said second major side.
3. The ROT of claim 2 , wherein said adsorption layer is in contact with said first major side, and positioned on either side of said ridge guiding layer.
4. The ROT of claim 2 , wherein said top contact is partitioned so that different regions within the laser can possess differing amounts of optical gain or loss.
5. The ROT of claim 2 , wherein said EEL is configured in a double quantum-well structure (DQW) architecture.
6. The ROT of claim 1 , wherein said adsorption layer is selected from the group consisting of Pd, Pt and ruthenium.
7. The ROT of claim 1 , wherein said adsorption layer comprises at least one catalyst metal.
8. The ROT of claim 1 , wherein said EEL comprises semiconductor material comprising Group III-V materials.
9. The ROT of claim 8 , wherein said Group III-V material is selected from the group consisting of InAs, InP and GaAs, and their ternary and quaternary alloys.
10. The ROT of claim 8 , wherein said Group III-V material is selected from the group consisting of InGaAs and InGaAsP.
11. The ROT of claim 1 , wherein said adsorption layer is in contact with said EEL is a position wherein as a desired species to be detected is adsorbed by said adsorption layer, the optical properties said EEL will be modified and will affect the output of said EEL.
12. The ROT of claim 11 , wherein said optical properties are selected from the group consisting of refractive index and absorption.
13. The ROT of claim 11 , wherein said output of said EEL is selected from the group consisting of output power, output spectrum, modal characteristic and frequency response.
14. The ROT of claim 1 , wherein said state selective adsorption layer comprises coverings.
15. The ROT of claim 1 , wherein said optical resonator is selected from the group consisting of pair of Fresnel reflective air/semiconductor interfaces formed at the front and rear substrate facets, a pair of distributed Bragg reflecting (DBR) gratings as narrowband end mirrors, a pair of distributed Bragg feedback grating structures (DFB), a micro-toroidal resonator and a ring resonator.
16. A method for fabricating a resonant optical transducer (ROT);
providing the semiconductor-based edge-emitting laser (EEL) of claim 1 ; and
forming a state-selective thin-film functionalized adsorption layer in contact with said EEL.