Decreasing potential iatrogenic risks associated with influenza vaccines
Influenza viruses for use in preparing human vaccines have traditionally been grown on embryonated hen eggs, although more modern techniques grow the virus in mammalian cell culture e.g. on Vero, MDCK or PER.C6 cell lines. The inventor has realized that the conditions used for influenza virus culture can increase the risk that pathogens other than influenza virus may grow in the cell lines and have identified specific contamination risks. Suitable tests can thus be performed during manufacture in order to ensure safety and avoid iatrogenic infections.
1. A process for preparing an inactivated influenza vaccine from influenza virus that has been grown in a culture of a Vero cell line, comprising (i) testing for the presence of a Circoviridae (a) during manufacture of the vaccine on a sample obtained during one or more of viral infection, growth stages, viral harvest, viral processing, splitting, surface protein extraction, and vaccine formulation, and/or (b) in a seed virus, the vaccine, the culture, or combinations thereof, (ii) culturing influenza virus in the culture of the Vero cell line, and (iii) formulating the vaccine manufactured from the influenza virus cultured in the culture of the Vero cell line, wherein the testing is performed before, during and/or after the formulating.
2. The process of claim 1 , wherein testing is performed on the seed virus, the vaccine, the culture, or combinations thereof.
3. The process of claim 1 , wherein testing is performed at one of the following stages: viral infection, growth stages, viral harvest, viral processing, splitting, surface protein extraction, and vaccine formulation.
4. The process of claim 1 , wherein the Circoviridae is a porcine circovirus.
5. The process of claim 4 , wherein testing is performed on the seed virus, the vaccine, the culture, or combinations thereof.
6. The process of claim 1 , wherein the Circoviridae is an avian circovirus.
7. The process of claim 6 , wherein testing is performed on the seed virus, the vaccine, the culture, or combinations thereof.
8. The process of claim 6 , wherein the seed virus was passaged through avian cells.
9. A process for preparing an inactivated influenza vaccine from influenza virus that has been grown in a culture of a Vero cell line, comprising (i) culturing influenza virus in the culture of the Vero cell line, and (ii) formulating the vaccine manufactured from the influenza virus cultured in the culture of the Vero cell line, wherein testing for the presence of a Circoviridae was performed (a) during manufacture of the vaccine or the vaccine antigen on a sample obtained during one or more of viral infection, growth stages, viral harvest, viral processing, splitting, surface protein extraction, and vaccine formulation, and/or (b) on a seed virus, the cell substrate, the vaccine, the culture, or combinations thereof, and the testing was performed before or during the formulating.
10. The process of claim 9 , wherein testing was performed on the seed virus, the vaccine, the culture, or combinations thereof.
11. The process of claim 10 , wherein testing was performed by immunochemical detection and/or nucleic acid detection.
12. The process of claim 11 , wherein the immunochemical detection, if used, was by ELISA and the nucleic acid detection, if used, was performed by PCR (including RT-PCR).
13. The process of claim 10 further comprising one of more of the following steps: a step of administering the vaccine to a patient; a step of combining the vaccine with an adjuvant; and a step of measuring HA content.
14. The process of claim 9 , wherein testing was performed at one of the following stages: viral infection, growth stages, viral harvest, viral processing, splitting, surface protein extraction, and vaccine formulation.
15. The process of claim 1 , wherein the vaccine is a trivalent influenza vaccine.
16. The process of claim 1 , wherein the vaccine includes a pandemic influenza vaccine.
17. The process of claim 16 , wherein the vaccine includes a H5 or H7 influenza virus strain.
18. The process of claim 10 , wherein the vaccine is a whole virus vaccine, a split virus vaccine, or a viral subunit vaccine.
19. The process of claim 10 , wherein the vaccine is a trivalent influenza vaccine.
20. The process of claim 19 , wherein the vaccine includes a pandemic influenza vaccine.
21. The process of claim 19 , wherein the vaccine includes a H5 or H7 influenza virus strain.
22. The process of claim 10 , wherein the seed virus was tested for the presence of the Circoviridae.
23. The process of claim 10 , wherein the vaccine was tested for the presence of the Circoviridae.
24. The process of claim 10 , wherein the culture was tested for the presence of the Circoviridae.
25. The process of claim 24 , wherein the culture tested was (i) the viral culture itself, (ii) material extracted from the viral culture, or (iii) the viral harvest.
26. The process of claim 10 , wherein the seed virus, the vaccine, the culture, or combinations thereof was/were tested for the presence of an additional adventitious pathogen.
27. The process of claim 9 , wherein the Circoviridae is porcine circovirus.
28. The process of claim 27 , wherein testing was performed on the seed virus, the vaccine, the culture, or combinations thereof.
29. The process of claim 28 , wherein testing was performed by immunochemical detection and/or nucleic acid detection.
30. The process of claim 29 , wherein the immunochemical detection, if used, was by ELISA and the nucleic acid detection, if used, was performed by PCR (including RT-PCR).
31. The process of claim 28 further comprising one of more of the following steps: a step of inactivation; a step of mixing three virus strains to make a trivalent vaccine; a step of formulating the vaccine for injection; a step of administering the vaccine to a patient; a step of combining the vaccine with an adjuvant; a step of measuring HA content; a step of adjusting HA content; a step of adding a preservative; and a step of removing residual host cell nucleic acids.
32. The process of claim 27 , wherein testing was performed at one of the following stages: viral infection, growth stages, viral harvest, viral processing, splitting, surface protein extraction, and vaccine formulation.
33. The process of claim 28 , wherein the vaccine is a trivalent influenza vaccine.
34. The process of claim 28 , wherein the vaccine includes a pandemic influenza vaccine.
35. The process of claim 26 , wherein the vaccine includes a H5 or H7 influenza virus strain.
36. The process of claim 28 , wherein the vaccine is a whole virus vaccine, a split virus vaccine, or a viral subunit vaccine.
37. The process of claim 36 , wherein the vaccine is a trivalent influenza vaccine.
38. The process of claim 36 , wherein the vaccine includes a pandemic influenza vaccine.
39. The process of claim 38 , wherein the vaccine includes a H5 or H7 influenza virus strain.
40. The process of claim 28 , wherein the seed virus was tested for the presence of the porcine circovirus.
41. The process of claim 28 , wherein the vaccine was tested for the presence of the porcine circovirus.
42. The process of claim 28 , wherein the culture was tested for the presence of the porcine circovirus.
43. The process of claim 42 , wherein the culture tested was (i) the viral culture itself, (ii) material extracted from the viral culture, or (iii) the viral harvest.
44. The process of claim 28 , wherein the seed virus, the vaccine, the culture, or combinations thereof was/were tested for the presence of an additional adventitious pathogen.
45. The process of claim 9 , wherein the Circoviridae is avian circovirus.
46. The process of claim 45 , wherein testing was performed on the seed virus, the vaccine, the culture, or combinations thereof.
47. The process of claim 45 , wherein the seed virus was passaged through avian cells.
48. A process for preparing an inactivated influenza vaccine from influenza virus that has been grown in a culture of a Vero cell line, comprising (i) culturing influenza virus in the culture of the Vero cell line, and (ii) formulating the vaccine manufactured from the influenza virus cultured in the culture of the Vero cell line, wherein testing for the presence of a Circoviridae was performed on the vaccine, the culture, or combinations thereof.