Proppant with composite coating
Proppants for hydraulic fracturing of oil and gas wells have a polymeric coating that is strengthened with reinforcing particulates that are reactive with, or chemically bonded to, the polymeric proppant coating. Preferably, these particulates are added into the coating during the coating process. In one embodiment, functionalized particulates are used that become grafted into the polymer of the proppant coating through the chemical functionality imparted to the particulates. If non-functionalized particulates are used, a coupling agent is preferably added to enhance the bond strength between the added particulates and the polymeric matrix of the proppant coating.
1. A coated proppant comprising:
(a) a core solid and
(b) a cured or substantially cured polymeric coating disposed on the core solid comprising a silane adhered to the core solid and a mixture of a polyurea-type polymer and a functionalized silica substantially dispersed throughout the cured or substantially cured polymeric coating, wherein said polyurea-type polymer is formed from an isocyanate component with at least two reactive isocyanate groups.
2. A coated proppant according to claim 1 wherein said core solid is sand.
3. A coated proppant according to claim 1 wherein said polyurea-type polymer is formed from a diisocyanate.
4. A coated proppant according to claim 1 wherein said isocyanate component is a mixture of a diisocyanate and a triisocyanate.
5. A coated proppant according to claim 1 wherein said functionalized silica comprises a functional group that is a hydroxyl, amino, carboxy, thiol, epoxy, amide, or isocyano group.
6. A coated proppant according to claim 5 wherein said functional group is an amino group.
7. A coated proppant according to claim 5 wherein said functional group is an epoxy group.
8. A coated proppant according to claim 1 wherein said silane comprises an organic functionality selected from the group consisting of methyl, epoxide, epoxy/melamine, amino, mercapto, chloropropyl, methacryl, methacryloxy, vinyl, benzylamino, ureido, tetrasulfido, hydroxyl or hydroxyalkyl, and C 1 -C 4 alkoxy groups.
9. A coated proppant according to claim 1 wherein said silane comprises a reactive primary amino group and hydrolyzable ethoxysilyl groups.
10. A coated proppant according to claim 1 wherein said coating further comprises fullerenes, activated carbon, rubber, or rubber-reinforced polymers.
11. A coated proppant according to claim 1 wherein said coating further comprises glass fibers, ceramic fibers, carbon fibers, aramid fibers, or silicon carbide whiskers.
12. A coated proppant according to claim 1 wherein the silane is present in an amount of about 0.1 wt % relative to the mass of the solid core.
13. A coated proppant according to claim 1 wherein said coating is present in amount of about 1% to about 5 wt % relative to the mass of the solid core.
14. A method for making a coated proppant with a cured or substantially cured polymeric polyurea-type coating, said method comprising:
mixing preheated sand with a silane to produce a silane coated sand;
mixing the silane coated sand with an isocyanate and an aqueous mixture of a functionalized silica in the presence of a tertiary amine catalyst under conditions sufficient to produce the coated proppant with the cured or substantially cured polymeric polyurea-type coating.
15. A method according to claim 14 wherein said silane comprises a reactive primary amino group and hydrolyzable ethoxysilyl groups.
16. A method according to claim 14 wherein said functionalized silica comprises a functional group that is a hydroxyl, amino, carboxy, thiol, epoxy or amide group.
17. A method according to claim 14 wherein said silane comprises an organic functionality selected from the group consisting of methyl, hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl, epoxide, epoxy/melamine, amino, mercapto, chloropropyl, methacryl, methacryloxy, vinyl, benzylamino, ureido, tetrasulfido, and C 1 -C 4 alkoxy groups.
18. A method according to claim 14 , wherein the silane is present in an amount of about 0.1 wt % relative to the mass of the sand.
19. A method according to claim 14 , wherein the coating that is formed is present in amount of about 1% to about 5 wt % relative to the mass of the sand.
20. A method according to claim 14 , wherein the isocyanate is a diisocyanate.
21. A method according to claim 20 , wherein the diisocyanate is methylenediphenyl diisocyanate.