Chip-scale atomic gyroscope

1. An apparatus for sensing rotations, the apparatus comprising:

a cell containing at least a vaporized source of alkali atoms and atoms of one or more active nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) isotopes, the cell being disposed between a light source configured to emit light and a partial reflector;

a magnet that generates a first magnetic field;

optics configured to circularly polarize the light emitted from the light source to generate a pump beam for optically pumping the alkali atoms and, in conjunction with one of a second magnetic field orthogonal to the first magnetic field or a modulation of the emitted light, causing the alkali atoms and the one or more active NMR isotope atoms to precess about the first magnetic field;

the partial reflector configured to, in conjunction with a first linear polarizer, generate a reflected linearly-polarized probe beam from a portion of the pump beam after the pump beam is passed through the cell;

one or more polarizing beam splitters, each of the polarizing beam splitters being configured to split light of the probe beam incident thereon into orthogonally polarized components; and

one or more photodetectors, each of the photodetectors being configured to detect a respective one of the polarized components and generate a respective signal indicative of intensity of the detected polarized component.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the one or more polarizing beam splitters include four polarizing beam splitters arranged to form a polarization analyzer with four quadrants and a central hole.

3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the optics are further configured to rotate a polarization of the probe beam which has passed through the cell to balance a signal observed in the one or more photodetectors that are on outputs of the polarization analyzer.

4. The apparatus of claim 2 , further comprising, one or more additional linear polarizers, each of the additional linear polarizers configured to polarize a respective one of the polarized components produced by one of the polarizing beam splitters.

5. The apparatus of claim 4 ,

wherein the optics configured to circularly polarize the light include a quarter-wave plate positioned between at least one of the additional linear polarizers and the cell, and

wherein the first linear polarizer is oriented at 0 or 90 degrees relative to the light emitted from the light source.

6. The apparatus of claim 4 ,

wherein the optics configured to circularly polarize the light include a quarter-wave plate positioned between at least one of the additional linear polarizers and the light source, and

wherein the first linear polarizer is oriented at 45 degrees relative to the light emitted from the light source.

7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the one or more polarizing beam splitters comprises a single polarizing beam splitter cube configured to split light of the probe beam incident thereon into orthogonally polarized components.

8. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising, a photodetector configured to detect light transmitted by the partial reflector.

9. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the emitted light is a diverging laser light.

10. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the apparatus is suspended in a vacuum packaging.

11. A method for sensing rotations, the method comprising:

applying a first magnetic field;

emitting light from a light source;

passing the emitted light through optics to circularly polarize the emitted light to generate a pump beam;

passing the pump beam through a cell to optically pump alkali atoms in the cell and, in conjunction with one of a second magnetic field orthogonal to the first magnetic field or a modulation of the emitted light, cause the alkali atoms and the one or more active nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) isotope atoms to precess about the first magnetic field, the cell being disposed between the light source and a partial reflector;

after the pump beam is passed through the cell, passing the pump beam through a first linear polarizer;

attenuating and reflecting light of the pump beam passed through the first linear polarizer using the partial reflector, wherein the attenuated and reflected light is passed through the first linear polarizer to generate a probe beam;

passing the probe beam through the cell;

after the probe beam is passed through the cell, splitting the probe beam using one or more polarizing beam splitters, each of the polarizing beam splitters being configured to split light of the probe beam incident thereon into orthogonally polarized components;

detecting each of the polarized components via at least one respective photodetector; and

determining the rotations based on the detected polarized components.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the one or more polarizing beam splitters include four polarizing beam splitters arranged to form a polarization analyzer with four quadrants and a central hole.

13. The method of claim 12 , further comprising, after the probe beam passes through the cell, passing the probe beam through the optics to rotate the probe beam to balance a signal observed in photodetectors on outputs of the polarization analyzer.

14. The method of claim 12 , further comprising, passing each of the additional orthogonally polarized components produced by the polarizing beam splitters through a respective additional linear polarizer.

15. The method of claim 14 ,

wherein the optics include a quarter-wave plate positioned between at least one of the additional linear polarizers and the cell, and

wherein the first linear polarizer is oriented at 0 or 90 degrees relative to the light emitted from the light source.

16. The method of claim 14 ,

wherein the optics include a quarter-wave plate positioned between at least one of the additional linear polarizers and the light source, and

wherein the first linear polarizer is oriented at 45 degrees relative to the light emitted from the light source.

17. The method of claim 11 , wherein the one or more polarizing beam splitters comprises a single polarizing beam splitter cube configured to split light of the probe beam incident thereon into orthogonally polarized components.

18. The method of claim 11 , further comprising, detecting light transmitted by the partial reflector via a photodetector.

19. The method of claim 11 , wherein the emitted light is a diverging laser light.

20. An apparatus for sensing an external magnetic field, the apparatus comprising:

a cell containing at least a vaporized source of alkali atoms, the cell being disposed between a light source configured to emit light and a partial reflector;

a magnet that generates a first magnetic field;

optics configured to circularly polarize the light emitted from the light source to generate a pump beam for optically pumping the alkali atoms and, in conjunction with one of a second magnetic field orthogonal to the first magnetic field or a modulation of the emitted light, causing the alkali atoms to precess about the first magnetic field;

the partial reflector configured to, in conjunction with a linear polarizer, generate a reflected linearly-polarized probe beam from a portion of the pump beam after the pump beam is passed through the cell;

one or more polarizing beam splitters, each of the polarizing beam splitters being configured to split light of the probe beam incident thereon into orthogonally polarized components; and

one or more photodetectors, each of the photodetectors being configured to detect a respective one of the polarized components and generate a respective signal indicative of intensity of the detected polarized component.