Use of nitrite salts for the treatment of cardiovascular conditions
It has been surprisingly discovered that administration of nitrite to subjects causes a reduction in blood pressure and an increase in blood flow to tissues. The effect is particularly beneficial, for example, to tissues in regions of low oxygen tension. This discovery provides useful treatments to regulate a subject's blood pressure and blood flow, for example, by the administration of nitrite salts. Provided herein are methods of administering a pharmaceutically-acceptable nitrite salt to a subject, for treating, preventing or ameliorating a condition selected from: (a) ischemia-reperfusion injury (e.g., hepatic or cardiac or brain ischemia-reperfusion injury); (b) pulmonary hypertension (e.g., neonatal pulmonary hypertension); or (c) cerebral artery vasospasm.
1. A method for treating or ameliorating a cardiovascular condition in a human subject by decreasing blood pressure and/or increasing vasodilation in the subject, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of non-acidified sodium nitrite to the subject to decrease the blood pressure and/or increase vasodilation in the subject, wherein the administration is by a route whereby the non-acidified sodium nitrite contacts blood in the subject, and wherein the non-acidified sodium nitrite is administered to the subject in an amount and for a sufficient period of time to reach a circulating concentration in blood of the subject of no more than about 20 μM, thereby treating or ameliorating the condition.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the administration route is inhalation.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the sodium nitrite is administered in combination with at least one additional agent.
4. A method for inducing vasodilation and/or increasing blood flow in a human subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a non-acidified pharmaceutically-acceptable salt of nitrite for a sufficient period of time to induce vasodilation and/or increase blood flow in the subject, wherein the pharmaceutically-acceptable salt of nitrite is administered to a circulating concentration in the subject of no more than about 20 μM.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the administration of the nitrite is inhaled.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the nitrite is administered in combination with at least one additional agent.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the administration route is selected from the group consisting of intravenous, intramuscular, rectal, ex vivo, intraocular, intraperitoneal, intraarterial, subcutaneous, and into a cardiopulmonary bypass circuit.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sodium nitrite is administered to a circulating concentration of no more than about 16 μM.
9. The method of claim 7 , wherein the administration route is intravenous, and the cardiovascular condition is hepatic or cardiac or brain ischemia-reperfusion injury.
10. The method of claim 7 , wherein the administrate route is intravenous and the cardiovascular condition is cerebral artery vasospasm.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the sodium nitrite is administered at a rate of about 45 to 60 mg/kg.
12. The method of claim 7 , wherein the sodium nitrite is administered in combination with at least one additional agent.
13. The method of claim 7 , wherein the non-acidified sodium nitrite is administered to the subject in an amount and for a sufficient period of time to reach a circulating concentration in blood of the subject of no more than about 16 μM, thereby treating or ameliorating the condition.
14. The method of claim 4 , wherein the administration of the nitrite is rectal, ex vivo, intraocular, peritoneal, intravenous, intraarterial, subcutaneous, intramuscular, or into a cardiopulmonary bypass circuit.
15. The method of claim 4 , wherein the effective amount of the pharmaceutically-acceptable salt of nitrite is administered to a circulating concentration in the subject of no more than about 16 μM.
16. The method of claim 14 , wherein the pharmaceutically-acceptable salt of nitrite reacts in the presence of hemoglobin in the subject to release nitric oxide.
17. The method of claim 14 , wherein the effective amount of the pharmaceutically-acceptable salt of nitrite:
induces production in the subject of no more than about 25% methemoglobin;
induces production in the subject of no more than about 20% methemoglobin;
induces production in the subject of no more than about 10% methemoglobin;
induces production in the subject of no more than about 8% methemoglobin; or
induces production in the subject of no more than about 5% methemoglobin.
18. The method of claim 14 , comprising administering sodium nitrite by injection at about 36 μmoles per minute for at least five minutes into the forearm brachial artery of the subject.
19. The method of claim 14 , wherein the pharmaceutically-acceptable salt of nitrite comprises as the cation sodium, potassium, or arginine.
20. The method of claim 14 , wherein the nitrite is administered in combination with at least one additional agent.