Isovalerylglycine as biomarker for the predispositon for weight gain and obesity

1. A method of diagnosing the likelihood of a subject to resist high fat diet induced weight gain, the method comprising:

obtaining a urine sample from a subject provided with a high fat diet,

determining the level of isovalerylglycine in the urine sample using 1 H-NMR spectroscopy,

comparing the subject's isovalerylglycine level to a predetermined reference value, by mapping of a urinary excretion pattern of the isovalerylglycine, and

providing a subject determined to be at risk for high fat diet induced weight gain with diet and lifestyle treatment options,

wherein the predetermined reference value is based on an average isovalerylglycine level in urine in a control population,

an increased isovalerylglycine level in the sample compared to the predetermined reference value indicates an increased likelihood to resist high fat diet induced weight gain, and

the increased isovalerylglycine level is determined relative to a cut-off value of the average isovalerylglycine level in the control population.

2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising the steps of

determining the level of at least one further biomarker selected from the group consisting of hexanoylglycine, trimethylamine-N-oxide, leucine, isobutyrate, acetate, guanidoacetate, sucrose, tartaric acid, hippuric acid and hydroxyphenylacetylglycine in the urine sample, and

comparing the subject's level of the at least one further biomarker to a predetermined reference value,

wherein the predetermined reference value is based on average levels of that at least one further biomarker in a urine sample of a normal healthy control population, and

wherein an increased hexanoylglycine, leucine, acetate, isobutyrate, and/or a decreased trimethylamine-N-oxide, guanidoacetate, sucrose, tartaric acid, hippuric acid and/or hydroxyphenylacetylglycine level in the urine sample compared to the predetermined reference values indicates an increased likelihood to resist high fat diet induced weight gain.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the levels of the biomarkers are determined by 1 H-NMR and/or mass spectrometry in the sample and in the reference.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein a decreased likelihood to resist high fat diet induced weight gain is indicative for the likelihood to develop disorders associated with overweight and/or obesity.

5. The method in accordance with claim 4 , wherein the disorders associated with overweight and/or obesity are cardio metabolic diseases and/or metabolic deregulations.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject is underweight, normal, overweight, or obese.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject is a human or a companion animal such as a cat or a dog.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein a decreased likelihood to resist high fat diet induced weight gain is indicative for a lack of specific activation of mitochondrial oxidative pathways.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein an increased likelihood to resist high fat diet induced weight gain is indicative for a specific activation of mitochondrial oxidative pathways.

10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the mitochondrial oxidative pathways are selected from the group consisting of β oxidation, butanoate metabolism and leucine catabolism.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject is a child, a teenager, a young adult and/or a person at risk of developing overweight or obesity.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method is used to devise a stratified diet for a specific group of subjects or a personalized diet for a specific subject.

13. A biomarker in urine for detecting and/or quantifying the likelihood to resist high fat diet induced weight gain, wherein the biomarker is isovalerylglycine and wherein the likelihood to resist high fat diet induced weight gain is determined by the method of claim 1 .

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein comparing the subject's isovalerylglycine level to a predetermined reference value is performed by a complimentary univariate data analysis.

15. A method of treating a subject at risk for high fat diet induced weight gain, the method comprising:

obtaining a urine sample from a subject provided with a high fat diet,

determining the level of isovalerylglycine in the urine sample using ′H-NMR spectroscopy,

comparing the subject's isovalerylglycine level to a predetermined reference value, by mapping of a urinary excretion pattern of the isovalerylglycine, and

providing a subject determined to be at risk for high fat diet induced weight gain with diet and lifestyle treatment options, so as to thereby treat the subject,

wherein the predetermined reference value is based on an average isovalerylglycine level in urine in a control population,

an increased isovalerylglycine level in the sample compared to the predetermined reference value indicates an increased likelihood to resist high fat diet induced weight gain, and

the increased isovalerylglycine level is determined relative to a cut-off value of the average isovalerylglycine level in the control population.

16. A method of diagnosing and treating a subject at risk for high fat diet induced weight gain, the method comprising:

(a) obtaining a urine sample from the subject;

(b) measuring the amount of isovalerylglycine present in the urine sample using 1 H-NMR spectroscopy;

(c) diagnosing the subject as being at risk for high fat diet induced weight gain if the amount of isovalerylglycine in the urine sample is below a predetermined reference value, by mapping of a urinary excretion pattern of the isovalerylglycine; and

(d) providing to the subject diagnosed in step (c) as at risk for high fat diet induced weight gain lifestyle and treatment options selected from the group consisting of diet changes, an exercise regimen, and combinations thereof.