Perovskite schottky type solar cell

1. An element selected from the group consisting of:

an element comprising a substrate, at least one perovskite layer having first and second opposing surfaces, a conductive layer, and optionally at least one additional layer, wherein all of the first surface of the at least one perovskite layer is provided directly on said substrate;

an element comprising a substrate, at least one perovskite layer having first and second opposing surfaces, a conductive layer, optionally at least one additional layer, and further optionally at least one scaffold layer, wherein all of the first surface of the at least one perovskite layer is directly provided on said substrate; and

an element comprising a substrate, at least one perovskite layer having first and second opposing surfaces, a conductive layer, and optionally at least one additional layer, wherein all of the first surface of the at least one perovskite layer is directly on said substrate and provides a planar junction,

wherein in each of the elements, the conductive layer is in contact with the at least one perovskite layer, and wherein the at least one perovskite :layer comprises at least one perovskite material comprising an organic moiety,

wherein in each of the elements, the at least one perovskite is a photoactive layer, and

wherein said substrate is a single, continuous layer that is not a porous, nanoporous, nanoparticle or scaffold layer.

2. The element according to claim 1 , wherein the perovskite material is of the formula selected from the group consisting of AMX 3 , AMX 4 , A 2 MX 4 , A 3 MX 5 , A 2 AMX 5 and AMX 3-n ,X′ n

wherein

A and A′ are independently selected from the group consisting of organic cations and any combination of organic and metal cations;

M is a metal cation or any combination of metal cations;

X and X′ are independently selected from anions and any combination of anions; and

n is between 0 to 3.

3. The element according to claim 2 , wherein the metal cation is selected from the group consisting of metal element of Groups IIIB, IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB, VIIIB, IB, IIB, IIIA, IVA and VA of block d of the Periodic Table of the Elements.

4. The element according to claim 2 , wherein the organic cation is derived from an organic moiety selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted —NR 1 R 2 , substituted or unsubstituted —OR 3 , substituted or unsubstituted —SR 4 , substituted or unsubstituted —S(O)R 5 , substituted or unsubstituted alkylene-COOH, and substituted or unsubstituted ester, wherein each of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and R 5 , independently, is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, ester, and carbonyl.

5. The element according to claim 2 , wherein the perovskite material is of the formula (NH 2 ═CH—NH 2 ) MX 3 .

6. The element according to claim 2 , wherein the perovskitc material is of the formula RNH 3 MX′X 2 , wherein R is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, alkylene-COOH, and ester.

7. The element according to claim 6 , wherein the perovskite material comprises or is selected from the group consisting of CH 3 NH 3 PbF 3 , CH 3 NH 3 PbCl 3 , CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 , CH 3 NH 3 PbBr 3 , CH 3 NH 3 PbBrI 2 , CH 3 NH 3 PbBrCl 2 , CH 3 NH 3 PbIBr 2 , CH 3 NH 3 PbICl 2 , CH 3 NH 3 PbClBr 2 and CH 3 NH 3 PbI 2 Cl.

8. The element according to claim 2 , wherein the perovskite material is of the formula RNH 3 MX 3 , wherein R is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, alkylene-COOH, and ester.

9. The element according to claim 8 , wherein the perovskite material comprises or is selected from the group consisting of CH 3 NH 3 PbF 3 , CH 3 NH 3 PbCl 3 , CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 and CH 3 NH 3 PbBr 3 .

10. The element according to claim 1 , wherein the perovskite layer is a multilayer structure of layered perovskite materials, wherein each layer is different and comprises either a different species of a perovskite material, or a different mixture of several different species of perovskite materials.

11. The element according to claim 1 , wherein the perovskite material is an organic-inorganic perovskite hybrid; and the organic cation is a carbon (hydrocarbon) chain comprising one or more heteroatoms, the heteroatoms being selected from N, O and S.

12. The element according to claim 11 , wherein the organic cation is a primary, a secondary, a tertiary or a quaternary organic ammonium compound having one or two positively charged nitrogen atoms.

13. The element according to claim 12 , wherein the organic cation is selected from (RR′R″R″′N) + , wherein each of said R, R′, R″ and R″′, independently of the other, being selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, halogen, alkylene-COOH, ester, —OH, —SH, and —NH, provided that at least one of said R, R′, R″ and R″′ is an organic group.

14. The element according to claim 13 , wherein the cation is selected from the group consisting of RNH 3 , RR′NH 2 , R R′R″NH, NH 3 RNH 3 , RNH═R′, NH 2 ═R, RN═R′R″, R′═N═R, RR′N═R═NR″R″′, H 2 N═R═NH 2 , and RR′N═CHNR″R″′.

15. The element according to claim 13 , wherein the cation is (H 2 N═CHNH 2 ) + .

16. A heterojunction comprising or consisting an element according to claim 11 .

17. A solar cell comprising an element according to claim 1 .