Method for synthesis of an output including diesters of 5-methyl-2-furoic acid
The present invention describes methods and apparatuses for the synthesis of 5-(chloromethyl)-2-furaldehyde (CMF) from saccharides in pure or crude form, the method comprising: (a) continuously contacting saccharides in pure or crude form, hydrochloric acid, and an organic solvent, by way of a continuous, biphasic-flow reactor assembly at a temperature from about 60 degrees C. to about 200 degrees C. and pressures from about 1 atmosphere to about 20 atmospheres, such that CMF is produced; (b) separating 5-(chloromethyl)-2-furaldehyde by liquid/liquid and solid/liquid phase separation; (c) producing at least five kilograms per day with at least 50% yield. Embodiments of the present invention can produce CMF in a continuous fashion, with high yield and without degradation of CMF to such side products as 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF), 2-(2-hydroxyacetyl)furan (HAF) and levulinic acid (LA).
1. A method for the synthesis of an output consisting of an ester of 5-methyl-2-furoic acid from a precursor consisting of 5-methyl-furaldehyde with one hydrogen of the 5-methyl group replaced with one of chloride, fluoride, bromide, iodide, p-toluenesulfonate, methanesulfonate, trifluoroacetate, phenoxy, hydroxy, or ammonium, the method comprising: (a) contacting the precursor, a base, an organic solvent, a catalyst, and a reactive nucleophile in a reaction vessel at a temperature of from about −78 degrees C. to about 150 degrees C., such that molecules of the output are produced; (b) separating the molecules of the output by extraction with a hydrophobic solvent, or else by chromatography, distillation, sublimation, or precipitation; wherein the catalyst is one or more of: (1) a N-heterocyclic carbene, (2) a salt of a N-heterocyclic carbene, (3) cyanide, (4) chloride, (5) bromide, (6) iodide, (7) thiazolium, (8) 1,2,4-triazolium, (9) imidazolium, (10) tetrazolium ring system; wherein the reactive nucleophile is poly(vinyl alcohol) or a polymer composition containing poly(vinyl alcohol); and wherein the output consists of an ester of 5-methyl-2-furoic acid having an alkoxycarbonyl portion; and wherein the alkoxycarbonyl portion is poly(vinyl alcohol) or a polymer composition containing poly(vinyl alcohol).
2. A method for the synthesis of an output consisting of an ester of 5-methyl-2-furoic acid from a precursor consisting of 5-methyl-furaldehyde with one hydrogen of the 5-methyl group replaced with one of chloride, fluoride, bromide, iodide, p-toluenesulfonate, methanesulfonate, trifluoroacetate, phenoxy, hydroxy, or ammonium, the method comprising: (a) contacting the precursor, a base, an organic solvent, a catalyst, and a reactive nucleophile in a reaction vessel at a temperature of from about −78 degrees C. to about 150 degrees C., such that molecules of the output are produced; (b) separating the molecules of the output by extraction with a hydrophobic solvent, or else by chromatography, distillation, sublimation, or precipitation; wherein the catalyst is one or more of: (1) a N-heterocyclic carbene, (2) a salt of a N-heterocyclic carbene, (3) cyanide, (4) chloride, (5) bromide, (6) iodide, (7) thiazolium, (8) 1,2,4-triazolium, (9) imidazolium, (10) tetrazolium ring system; wherein the reactive nucleophile comprises one or more of (1) a linear aliphatic diol, (2) a branched aliphatic diol, and (3) a cyclic aliphatic diol; containing between 1 and 8 carbon atoms.
3. A method for the synthesis of an output consisting of an ester of 5-methyl-2-furoic acid from a precursor consisting of 5-methyl-furaldehyde with one hydrogen of the 5-methyl group replaced with one of chloride, fluoride, bromide, iodide, p-toluenesulfonate, methanesulfonate, trifluoroacetate, phenoxy, hydroxy, or ammonium, the method comprising: (a) contacting the precursor, a base, an organic solvent, a catalyst, and a reactive nucleophile in a reaction vessel at a temperature of from about −78 degrees C. to about 150 degrees C., such that molecules of the output are produced; (b) separating the molecules of the output by extraction with a hydrophobic solvent, or else by chromatography, distillation, sublimation, or precipitation; wherein the catalyst is one or more of: (1) a N-heterocyclic carbene, (2) a salt of a N-heterocyclic carbene, (3) cyanide, (4) chloride, (5) bromide, (6) iodide, (7) thiazolium, (8) 1,2,4-triazolium, (9) imidazolium, (10) tetrazolium ring system; wherein the reactive nucleophile comprises one or more of ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, and triethylene glycol.
4. A method for the synthesis of an output consisting of diester of 5-methyl-2-furoic acid from a precursor consisting of 5-methyl-furaldehyde with one hydrogen of the 5-methyl group replaced with one of chloride, fluoride, bromide, iodide, p-toluenesulfonate, methanesulfonate, trifluoroacetate, phenoxy, hydroxy, or ammonium, the method comprising: (a) contacting the precursor, a base, an organic solvent, a catalyst, and a reactive nucleophile in a reaction vessel at a temperature of from about −78 degrees C. to about 150 degrees C., such that molecules of the output are produced; (b) separating the molecules of the output by extraction with a hydrophobic solvent, or else by chromatography, distillation, sublimation, or precipitation; wherein the catalyst is one or more of: (1) a N-heterocyclic carbene, (2) a salt of a N-heterocyclic carbene, (3) cyanide, (4) chloride, (5) bromide, (6) iodide, (7) thiazolium, (8) 1,2,4-triazolium, (9) imidazolium, (10) tetrazolium ring system; wherein the output consists of a diester of 5-methyl-2-furoic acid having an alkoxycarbonyl portion; and wherein the alkoxycarbonyl portion comprises one or more of (1) a linear aliphatic chain, (2) a branched aliphatic chain and (3) a cyclic aliphatic; derived from a diol or glycol containing between 2 and 8 carbon atoms.