Alkali and alkaline-earth ion batteries with non-metal anode and hexacyanometallate cathode
A battery structure is provided for making alkali ion and alkaline-earth ion batteries. The battery has a hexacyanometallate cathode, a non-metal anode, and non-aqueous electrolyte. A method is provided for forming the hexacyanometallate battery cathode and non-metal battery anode prior to the battery assembly. The cathode includes hexacyanometallate particles overlying a current collector. The hexacyanometallate particles have the chemical formula A′ n′ A m M1 x M2 y (CN) 6 , and have a Prussian Blue hexacyanometallate crystal structure.
1. A battery with a hexacyanometallate cathode and non-metal anode, the battery comprising:
a cathode with hexacyanometallate particles overlying a current collector, the hexacyanometallate particles having a chemical formula A m M1 x M2 y (CN) 6 , and having a Prussian Blue hexacyanometallate crystal structure,
where A cations are selected from a group consisting of alkali cations;
where M1 is a metal selected from a group consisting of 2+ and 3+ valance positions;
where M2 is a metal selected from a group consisting of 2+ and 3+ valance positions;
where m is in a range of greater than 1 to 2;
where x is in a range of 0.5 to 1.5;
where y is in a range of 0.5 to 1.5;
a non-aqueous electrolyte capable of conducting A cations;
a non-metal anode capable of inserting and de-inserting A ions; and,
an ion-permeable membrane separating the anode from the cathode.
2. The battery of claim 1 wherein A cations are selected from a first group consisting of Na + and K + .
3. The battery of claim 1 wherein the M1 metal is selected fiom a group consisting of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg; and,
wherein the M2 metal is selected from a group consisting of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg.
4. The battery of claim 1 wherein the M1 metal is selected from a group consisting of the same metal as the M2 metal and a different metal than the M2 metal.
5. The battery of claim 1 wherein the anode material is selected from a group consisting of carbonaceous materials, oxides, sulfides, nitrides, silicon, composite material including metal nanoparticles with carbonaceous materials, and silicon nanostructures with carbonaceous materials.
6. The battery of claim 1 wherein the electrolyte is selected from a group consisting of organic, gel, polymer, and solid electrolytes.
7. The battery of claim 1 wherein the A cations are Na + cations;
wherein the ion permeable membrane is a Na + -ion permeable membrane; and,
wherein the electrolyte is a Na + soluble non-aqueous electrolyte.
8. The battery of claim 1 wherein the A cations are K + cations;
wherein the ion permeable membrane is a K + -ion permeable membrane; and,
wherein the electrolyte is a K + soluble non-aqueous electrolyte.
9. A battery with a hexacyanometallate cathode and non-metal anode, the battery comprising:
a cathode with hexacyanometallate particles overlying a current collector, the hexacyanometallate particles having a chemical formula A m M1 x M2 y (CN) 6 , and having a Prussian Blue hexacyanometallate crystal structure,
where A cations are selected from a group consisting of alkaline-earth cations;
where M1 is a metal selected from a group consisting of 2+ and 3+ valance positions;
where M2 is a metal selected from a group consisting of 2+ and 3+ valance positions;
where m is in a range of greater than 0.5 to 1;
where x is in a range of 0.5 to 1.5;
where y is in a range of 0.5 to 1.5;
a non-aqueous electrolyte capable of conducting A cations;
a non-metal anode capable of inserting and de-inserting A ions; and,
an ion-permeable membrane separating the anode from the cathode.
10. The battery of claim 9 wherein A cations are selected from a first group consisting of Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ .
11. The battery of claim 9 wherein the M1 metal is selected from a group consisting of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg; and,
wherein the M2 metal is selected from a group consisting of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg.
12. The battery of claim 9 wherein the M1 metal is selected from a group consisting of the same metal as the M2 metal and a different metal than the M2 metal.
13. The battery of claim 9 wherein the anode material is selected from a group consisting of carbonaceous materials, oxides, sulfides, nitrides, silicon, composite material including metal nanoparticles with carbonaceous materials, and silicon nanostructures with carbonaceous materials.
14. The battery of claim 9 wherein the electrolyte is selected from a group consisting of organic, gel, polymer, and solid electrolytes.
15. The battery of claim 9 wherein the A cations are Mg 2+ cations;
wherein the ion permeable membrane is a Mg 2+ -ion permeable membrane; and,
wherein the electrolyte is a Mg 2+ soluble non-aqueous electrolyte.
16. The battery of claim 9 wherein the A cations are Ca 2+ cations;
wherein the ion permeable membrane is a Ca 2+ -ion permeable membrane; and,
wherein the electrolyte is a Ca 2+ soluble non-aqueous electrolyte.