Compositions and methods for modulating metabolic pathways
Compositions and methods useful for inducing an increase in fatty acid oxidation or mitochondrial biogenesis, reducing weight gain, inducing weight loss, or increasing Sirt1, Sirt3, or AMPK activity are provided herein. Such compositions can contain synergizing amounts of a sirtuin-pathway activators, including but not limited to resveratrol, in combination with beta-hydroxymethylbutyrate (HMB), keto isocaproic acid (KIC), leucine, or combinations of HMB, KIC and leucine.
1. A composition comprising:
a) at least about 500 mg ofleucine and/or at least about 200 mg of one or more metabolites thereof, wherein the one or more leucine metabolites are selected from the group consisting of keto-isocaproic acid (KIC), alpha-hydroxy-isocaproic acid, and HMB; and
b) an anti-diabetic agent comprising a thiazolidinedione;
wherein the composition is substantially free of the individual amino acids alanine, glutamic acid, glycine, isoleucine, valine, and proline; and
wherein when (a) is leucine, the molar ratio of (a) to (b) is greater than 250.
2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein when (a) is leucine, the molar ratio of (a) to (b) is greater than 500.
3. The composition of claim 1 , wherein when (a) is leucine, the molar ratio of (a) to (b) is greater than 1000.
4. The composition of claim 1 , wherein when (a) is HMB, the molar ratio of (a) to (b) is greater than 10.
5. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises a subtherapeutic amount of the anti-diabetic agent.
6. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the anti-diabetic agent comprises rosiglitazone.
7. The composition of claim 1 , wherein when administered to a subject, the anti-diabetic agent comprises rosiglitazone in an amount effective to achieve a circulating level of at least about 1 nM rosiglitazone in the subject.
8. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition is substantially free of an individual non-branched chain amino acid.
9. The composition of claim 1 , further comprises a sirtuin pathway activator that activates one or more of SIRT1, SIRT3, AMPK, and PGC1α.
10. The composition of claim 1 , further comprising at least one of a hydroxycinnamic acid, a stilbene, a polyphenol or a polyphenol precursor.
11. The composition of claim 10 , wherein the polyphenol or polyphenol precursor is selected from the group consisting of chlorogenic acid, resveratrol, caffeic acid, cinnamic acid, ferulic acid, piceatannol, ellagic acid, epigallocatechin gallate, grape seed extract, and any analog thereof.
12. The composition of claim 1 , further comprises a phosphodiesterase inhibitor.
13. The composition of claim 1 , further comprises a resveratrol.
14. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition is formulated as a unit dose.
15. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition is formulated as a tablet, capsule, or gel capsule.
16. A method of treating diabetes in a subject in need thereof comprising:
administering to the subject the composition of claim 1 , wherein the insulin sensitivity in the subject is increased.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the anti-diabetic agent comprises rosiglitazone.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the rosiglitazone is an amount effective to achieve a circulating level of at least about 1 nM rosiglitazone in a subject.
19. The method of claim 16 , wherein fat oxidation in the subject is increased or inflammatory response in the subject is decreased.
20. The method of claim 16 , wherein the composition is substantially free of an individual non-branched chain amino acid.
21. The method of claim 16 , wherein the composition comprises a subtherapeutic amount of the anti-diabetic agent.
22. The method of claim 16 , wherein the composition further comprises a sirtuin pathway activator that activates one or more of SIRT1, SIRT3, AMPK, and PGC1α.
23. The method of claim 16 , wherein the composition further comprises a resveratrol.
24. The method of claim 16 , wherein each of (a) and (b) are formulated as a tablet, capsule, or gel capsule.