Coated magnetic nanoparticles
Disclosed herein are polymer-coated iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles and methods of their manufacture and use. The nanoparticles are coated with a copolymer of poly(maleic anhydride alt-H2C═CH—R1)-polyethylene glycol (PMAR-PEG), wherein R1 is a hydrophobic moiety. The molecular weights of the PMAR and PEG portions of the copolymer, as well as the core diameter of the nanoparticles are selected in order to produce optimal performance for specific applications. Representative applications of the nanoparticles include magnetic particle imaging, magnetic sentinel lymph node biopsy, and magnetic fluid hyperthermia. The disclosed nanoparticles are tools for these methods that provide previously unachieved levels of stability (e.g., via reduced agglomeration) and customizability (e.g., tuned blood circulation half-life in vivo).
1. A plurality of nanoparticles, each nanoparticle comprising:
a core comprising iron oxide, wherein the core has a diameter of 15 nm to 30 nm; and
a coating surrounding the core, the coating comprising a PMAR-PEG copolymer having a poly(maleic anhydride alt-H 2 C═CH—R 1 ) (PMAR) portion and a plurality of polyethylene glycol (PEG) portions each with a molecular weight (M n ) of 10,000 Da or greater;
wherein R 1 is a hydrophobic moiety.
2. The nanoparticles of claim 1 , wherein the molecular weight (M n ) of the PEG portions is 40,000 Da or less.
3. The nanoparticles of claim 1 , wherein the cores are monodisperse, as defined by a geometric standard deviation of less than 1.35.
4. The nanoparticles of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of nanoparticles is 100 or more nanoparticles.
5. The nanoparticles of claim 1 , wherein the PMAR portion has a molecular weight (Mn) of 30,000 Da to 50,000 Da.
6. The nanoparticles of claim 1 , wherein the PMAR-PEG copolymer has 1% to 50% PEG based on the number of PEG portions attached to the available number of carboxylates of the PMAR portion, given the presence of 2 carboxylates per maleate in the PMAR portion.
7. The nanoparticles of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticle relaxation or magnetic moment reversal of each core is independent of an adjacent nanoparticle.
8. The nanoparticles of claim 1 , wherein the coating is attached to the core by a mechanism selected from the group consisting of covalent bonding, ionic bonding, van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic/hydrophobic interactions.
9. The nanoparticles of claim 1 , wherein the coating consists essentially of the PMAR-PEG copolymer.
10. The nanoparticles of claim 1 , wherein at least a portion of the plurality of nanoparticles comprise a single core surrounded with the coating.
11. The nanoparticles of claim 1 , wherein the PMAR portion is poly(maleic anhydride alt-1-octadecene) (PMAO).
12. The nanoparticles of claim 1 , wherein R 1 is alkyl.
13. The nanoparticles of claim 1 , wherein the R 1 is a C6 to C18 hydrocarbon.
14. The nanoparticles of claim 1 , wherein the diameter of the core is 18 nm or greater.
15. The nanoparticles of claim 14 , wherein the nanoparticles have a Z-average hydrodynamic diameter of less than 150 nm.
16. The nanoparticles of claim 1 , wherein the diameter of the core is 23 nm or greater and the molecular weight (Mn) of the PEG portions is 20,000 Da or greater.
17. The nanoparticles of claim 16 , wherein the nanoparticles have a Z-average hydrodynamic diameter of less than 250 nm.
18. The nanoparticles of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticles are magnetic tracers configured to be introduced into a subject.
19. A method, comprising applying a magnetic field to a plurality of nanoparticles according to claim 1 .
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the method is a magnetic particle imaging method and the magnetic field comprises a spatially varying magnetic field with a field-free region and a time varying magnetic field.
21. The method of claim 19 , wherein the method is a magnetic hyperthermia method and the magnetic field is an alternating magnetic field configured to heat the plurality of nanoparticles.
22. The method of claim 19 , wherein the method is a magnetic sentinel lymph node biopsy method, the method further comprising a step of detecting a magnetic response to the magnetic field.