Renewable bio-based (meth)acrylated monomers as vinyl ester cross-linkers
Anhydrosugar-based monomers prepared from isosorbide, isomannide, and isoidide and resin systems containing these anhydrosugar-based monomers that are partially to fully bio-based, which may produce materials having properties that meet or exceed the properties of similar petroleum derived vinyl ester resins.
1. A polymerizable monomer selected from the group consisting of:
2. A polymerizable monomer as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the monomer is:
3. A polymerizable monomer as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the monomer is:
4. A method for producing a polymerizable monomer comprising the step of acylating one or more hydroxyl groups of an anhydrosugar using acrylic anhydride or methacrylic anhydride and a base catalyst in an aprotic solvent, wherein the anhydrosugar is selected from the group consisting of: isosorbide, isomannide, and isoidide.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the one or more hydroxyl groups of the anhydrosugar are acylated using methacrylic anhydride and the base catalyst in the aprotic solvent.
6. A copolymer formed by curing a curable composition comprising at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of the polymerizable monomers of claim 1 using a free-radical initiator.
7. The copolymer of claim 6 , wherein the curable composition comprises at least one vinyl ester resin monomer and/or at least one unsaturated polyester monomer.
8. The copolymer of claim 7 , wherein the curable composition further comprises at least one reactive diluent.
9. The copolymer of claim 7 , wherein the curable composition comprises 1-99% by weight of at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of the polymerizable monomers of claim 1 , 1-70% by weight of vinyl ester resin monomer and/or unsaturated polyester monomer and 0-60% by weight of at least one reactive diluent.
10. The copolymer of claim 7 , wherein the curable composition comprises 5-95% by weight of at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of the polymerizable monomers of claim 1 , 10-55% by weight of vinyl ester resin monomer and/or unsaturated polyester monomer and 0-50% by weight of at least one reactive diluent.
11. The copolymer of claim 8 , wherein the composition comprises 15-90% by weight of at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of the polymerizable monomers of claim 1 , 10-55% by weight of vinyl ester resin monomer and/or unsaturated polyester monomer and 5-45% by weight of at least one reactive diluent.
12. The copolymer of claim 7 , comprising a vinyl ester resin monomer selected from the group consisting of (meth)acrylated glycidyl ethers of bisphenols, (meth)acrylated ethoxylated bisphenols and novolac vinyl esters.
13. The copolymer of claim 7 , comprising a vinyl ester monomer selected from the group consisting of: bisphenol A, hexafluorobisphenol A, bisphenol E, bisphenol F, tetramethyl bisphenol E, tetramethyl bisphenol F, bisphenol M, bisphenol C, bisphenol P and bisphenol Z.
14. The copolymer of claim 13 , wherein the curable composition further comprises a reactive diluent selected from the group consisting of: styrene, 2-hydroxymethacrylate, methyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, furfuryl methacrylate, methacyrlated lauric acid and methacrylated fatty acids.
15. The copolymer of claim 14 , wherein the monomer of claim 1 is selected from a monomer of the formula 2 and a monomer of the formula 2a.
16. The copolymer of claim 7 , wherein the curable composition comprises an unsaturated polyester monomer made from one or more of the following components: phthalic acid, terephtalic acid, m-phthalic acid, suberic acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, butylene glycol, propylene glycol, and ethylene glycol.
17. The copolymer of claim 16 , wherein the curable composition further comprises a reactive diluent selected from the group consisting of: styrene, 2-hydroxymethacrylate, methyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, furfuryl methacrylate, methacyrlated lauric acid and methacrylated fatty acids.
18. The copolymer of claim 17 , wherein the monomer of claim 1 is selected from a monomer of the formula 2 and a monomer of the formula 2a.