Method and apparatus for assessing cardiac and/or mental health
Aspects of the disclosure are directed to detecting physiological and/or other characteristics of subjects. As may be implemented in accordance with one or more embodiments, a time series of cardiac intervals is computed from a recording of activity of a beating heart of a subject, and the time series is decomposed into subcomponents. An envelope of at least one of the subcomponents is computed, and the presence and/or degree of a depressive or stressed mental state of the subject is detected based upon characteristics of the envelope.
1. A method comprising:
computing a time series of cardiac intervals from a recording of activity of a beating heart of a subject;
decomposing the time series into subcomponents;
computing an envelope of at least one of the subcomponents; and
determining a degree of mental stress of the subject based upon characteristics of the envelope.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein determining the degree of mental stress based upon one or more characteristics of the envelope includes detecting the presence of one or more of:
a periodic component of a predetermined frequency;
a time averaged mean energy in a first scale that exceeds a time averaged mean energy in a second scale for a specified time; and
increased entropy in one of the subcomponents corresponding to a high frequency band.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein determining the degree of mental stress based upon one or more characteristics of the envelope includes evaluating a degree of randomness of fluctuations in energy of the time series over a predetermined time period.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein evaluating the degree of randomness of the fluctuations in energy includes computing entropy.
5. The method of claim 4 , further including computing the metric of entropy using one of sample entropy and approximate entropy.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein computing a time series of inter-beat intervals includes:
detecting a plethora of heart beats in the recording;
computing a raw sequence of inter-beat intervals from consecutive ones of the detected beats;
identifying invalid beats from the detected beats;
creating a cleaned sequence of inter-beat intervals by excluding intervals computed using ones of the beats identified as being invalid; and
resampling said cleaned sequence of inter-beat intervals to create an equispaced time series of inter-beat intervals.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein identifying invalid beats includes identifying invalid beats based on characteristics in the recording selected from the group of:
ventricular arrhythmias;
atrial fibrillation;
characteristics indicating that a signal detected as a beat is not a beat; and
noise beyond a noise threshold.
8. The method of claim 6 , wherein identifying invalid beats includes identifying ectopic beats by:
decomposing the recording into subcomponents;
detecting the presence of ventricular depolarizations in the subcomponents;
establishing a window around each detected ventricular depolarization;
computing the energy of high frequency and low-frequency subcomponents in each window;
computing, for each window, the ratio of low frequency energy to high frequency energy; and
detecting the presence of an ectopic beat in a window based upon the computed ratio.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein computing high frequency energy in a window includes:
selecting one or more subcomponents corresponding to high frequency; and
computing the high frequency energy using at least one of the sum of squares of the amplitude and the sum of the absolute values of the amplitude.
10. The method of claim 1 , further including measuring the temperature of the subject, and detecting the presence of a CMND state based on the characteristics of the envelope and temperature of the subject.
11. The method of claim 1 , further including measuring motor activity of the subject, wherein determining the mental stress includes evaluating characteristics of the activity measurements.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the time series of cardiac intervals is comprised of at least one of the following:
RR intervals; and
QT intervals.