Carbonation of cement mixes
The invention provides methods and compositions for carbonation of cement mixes using pressurized carbon dioxide delivered to the mix.
1. A method of carbonating concrete comprising
i) pumping a wet concrete mix into a conduit at a pressure sufficient to move the concrete through the conduit at a desired rate;
ii) introducing carbon dioxide into the conduit at a pressure at or above the pressure of i); wherein the carbon dioxide is transported to the conduit in liquid form and released into the conduit under conditions whereby the carbon dioxide becomes gaseous and solid in the conduit.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the pressure at which the carbon dioxide is introduced into the conduit is greater than 50 psi.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the conduit provides a variable pressure down its length.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein the variable pressure is provided by the presence of at least one constricted section in the conduit, varying the rate of pumping of concrete into the conduit, pumping the concrete at a constant rate at the proximal end of the conduit and varying the size of an orifice at the distal end of the conduit, or a combination thereof.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein the variable pressure is provided by a plurality of at least one constricted section in the conduit which alternate with expanded sections.
6. The method of claim 3 wherein the variable pressure is provided by varying the rate of pumping of concrete into the conduit.
7. The method of claim 3 wherein the variable pressure is provided by pumping the concrete at a constant rate at the proximal end of the conduit and varying the size of an orifice at the distal end of the conduit.
8. The method of claim 1 further comprising determining one or more characteristics of the wet concrete mix, the conduit, or the area around the conduit.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein the characteristic is temperature or carbon dioxide concentration.
10. The method of claim 8 further comprising adjusting the rate of introduction of carbon dioxide based on the characteristic.
11. The method of claim 5 wherein the variable pressure is provided by a plurality of constricted sections in the conduit which alternate with expanded sections.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein the carbon dioxide is introduced into the conduit in an amount sufficient to provide a dose of carbon dioxide to the wet concrete mix of 0.005 to 1% by weight cement (bwc).
13. The method of claim 1 wherein the carbon dioxide is introduced into the conduit in an amount sufficient to provide a dose of carbon dioxide to the wet concrete mix of 0.5 to 5% by weight cement (bwc).
14. The method of claim 10 wherein the characteristic is carbon dioxide concentration measured at the distal end of the conduit indicating whether unreacted carbon dioxide is exiting the conduit.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the rate of carbon dioxide introduction into the conduit is adjusted according to the carbon dioxide concentration at the distal end of the conduit so that at least 60% of the carbon dioxide introduced into the concrete mix remains within the mix.
16. The method of claim 1 wherein the pressure at which the carbon dioxide is introduced to the conduit is at least 10 psi above the pressure of the concrete in the conduit.
17. The method of claim 1 in which the method is not a shotcrete method.
18. The method of claim 1 further comprising adding an admixture to the concrete mix, wherein the admixture affects flowability of the concrete mix, early strength development of the concrete mix, or a combination thereof.
19. The method of claim 18 wherein the admixture comprises a carbohydrate.