A biosensor includes a plurality of electrodes including a working electrode, and a detection layer which is immobilized on the working electrode and contains a crosslinking agent, an electrically conductive macromolecule and an enzyme transferring and receiving electrons to and from the working electrode. The working electrode is in an open system.
1. A biosensor comprising:
a plurality of electrodes including a working electrode, and
an immobilized detection layer painted onto the working electrode and containing a crosslinking agent, an electrically conductive macromolecule and an enzyme, where the enzyme is capable of transferring and receiving electrons to and from the working electrode,
wherein:
the working electrode is in an open system,
the enzyme contains a catalytic subunit, a catalytic domain and an electron transfer subunit or an electron transfer domain, and
contact area between the painted detection layer and the working electrode is defined by a predetermined area.
2. The biosensor according to claim 1 , wherein the crosslinking agent comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of an aldehyde group-containing compound, a carbodiimide group-containing compound, a maleimide group-containing compound, an oxazoline group-containing compound, and an epoxy group-containing compound.
3. The biosensor according to claim 1 , wherein the crosslinking agent comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde, malonaldehyde, terephthalaldehyde, isobutyraldehyde, valeraldehyde, isovaleraldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, nicotinaldehyde, glyceraldehyde, glycoaldehyde, succinaldehyde, adipaldehyde, isophthalaldehyde, and terephthalaldehyde.
4. The biosensor according to claim 1 , wherein the crosslinking agent comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of hexamethylene diisocyanate, hydrogenated xylylene diisocyanate, xylylene diisocyanate, 2,2,4-trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate, 1,12-diisocyanate dodecane, norbornane diisocyanate, 2,4-bis-(8-isocyanateoctyl)-1,3-dioctylcyclobutane, 4,4′-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate, tetramethylxylylene diisocyanate, and isophorone diisocyanate.
5. The biosensor according to claim 1 , wherein the crosslinking agent comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester, sulfonsuccinimidyl 4-(p-maleimidophenyl)butyrate, m-maleimidobenzoyl sulfosuccinimide ester, N-γ-maleimidobutyryloxysuccinimide ester, succinimidyl 4-(N-maleidomethyl)cyclohexane 1-carboxylate, N-succinimidyl-2-maleimidoacetic acid, N-succinimidyl-4-maleimidobutyric acid, N-succinimidyl-6-maleimidohexanoic acid, N-succinimidyl-4-maleimidomethylcyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid, N-sulfosuccinimidyl-4-maleimidomethylcyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid, N-succinimidyl-4-maleimidomethylbenzoate, N-succinimidyl-3-maleimidobenzoate, N-succinimidyl-4-maleimidophenyl-4-butyric acid, N-sulfosuccinimidyl-4-maleimidophenyl-4-butyric acid, N,N′-oxydimethylene-dimaleimide, N,N′-o-phenylene-dimaleimide, N,N′-m-phenylene-dimaleimide, N,N′-p-phenylene-dimaleimide, N,N′-hexamethylene-dimaleimide, and N-succinimidyl maleimide carboxylate.
6. The biosensor according to claim 1 , wherein the crosslinking agent comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of 2,2′-bis-(2-oxazoline), 2,2′-methylene-bis-(2-oxazoline), 2,2′-ethylene-bis-(2-oxazoline), 2,2′-trimethylene-bis-(2-oxazoline), 2,2′-tetramethylene-bis-(2-oxazoline), 2,2′-hexamethylene-bis-(2-oxazoline), 2,2′-octamethylene-bis-(2-oxazoline), 2,2′-ethylene-bis-(4,4′-dimethyl-2-oxazoline), 2,2′-p-phenylene-bis-(2-oxazoline), 2,2′-m-phenylene-bis-(2-oxazoline), 2,2′-m-phenylene-bis-(4,4′-dimethyl-2-oxazoline), bis-(2-oxazolinylcyclohexane) sulfide, and bis-(2-oxazolinylnorbornane)sulfide.
7. The biosensor according to claim 1 , wherein the crosslinking agent comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of 2-vinyl-2-oxazoline, 2-vinyl-4-methyl-2-oxazoline, 2-vinyl-5-methyl-2-oxazoline, 2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline, 2-isopropenyl-4-methyl-2-oxazoline, and 2-isopropenyl-5-ethyl-2-oxazoline.
8. The biosensor according to claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive macromolecule comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of polypyrrole, polyaniline, polystyrene sulfonate, polythiophene, polyisothianaphthene, and polyethylene dioxythiophene(poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)poly(styrenesulfonate)).
9. The biosensor according to claim 1 , wherein the detection layer comprises a sugar.
10. The biosensor according to claim 1 , wherein the detection layer comprises at least one sugar selected from the group consisting of a disaccharide, a trisaccharide, a tetrasaccharide, a pentasaccharide, and a hexasaccharide.
11. The biosensor according to claim 1 , wherein the detection layer comprises at least one sugar selected from the group consisting of xylobiose, agarobiose, carrabiose, maltose, isomaltose, sophorose, cellobiose, trehalose, neotrehalose, isotrehalose, inulobiose, vicianose, isoprimeverose, sambubiose, primeverose, solabiose, melibiose, lactose, lycobiose, epicellobiose, sucrose, turanose, maltulose, lactulose, epigentibiose, robinobiose, silanobiose, and rutinose.
12. The biosensor according to claim 1 , wherein the detection layer comprises at least one sugar selected from the group consisting of glucosyl trehalose, cellotriose, chacotriose, gentianose, isomaltotriose, isopanose, maltotriose, manninotriose, melezitose, panose, planteose, raffinose, soratriose, and umbelliferose.
13. The biosensor according to claim 1 , wherein the detection layer comprises at least one sugar selected from the group consisting of maltosyl trehalose, maltotetraose and stachyose.
14. The biosensor according to claim 1 , wherein the detection layer comprises at least one sugar selected from the group consisting of maltotriosyl trehalose, maltopentaose, verbascose, and maltohexaose.