Active waveguide excitation and compensation
An environmental condition may be measured with a sensor ( 10 ) including a wire ( 20 ) having an ultrasonic signal transmission characteristic that varies in response to the environmental condition by sensing ultrasonic energy propagated through the wire using multiple types of propagation, and separating an effect of temperature on the wire from an effect of strain on the wire using the sensed ultrasonic energy propagated through the wire using the multiple types of propagation. A positive feedback loop may be used to excite the wire such that strain in the wire is based upon a sensed resonant frequency, while a square wave with a controlled duty cycle may be used to excite the wire at multiple excitation frequencies. A phase matched cone ( 200, 210 ) may be used to couple ultrasonic energy between a waveguide wire ( 202, 212 ) and a transducer ( 204, 214 ).
1. A method of measuring an environmental condition with a sensor of the type that includes a wire having an ultrasonic signal transmission characteristic that varies in response to the environmental condition, the method comprising:
generating a signal that excites the wire using multiple types of propagation while the wire is subject to an applied stress, the generated signal including a first excitation frequency that propagates ultrasonic energy primarily as a longitudinal wave and a second excitation frequency that propagates ultrasonic energy primarily as a shear wave;
sensing ultrasonic energy propagated through the wire in response to the generated signal that excites the wire using the multiple types of propagation; and
calculating a temperature compensated strain measurement associated with the applied stress in the wire using the sensed ultrasonic energy propagated through the wire in response to the generated signal that excites the wire using the multiple types of propagation, wherein calculating the temperature compensated strain measurement includes separating an effect of temperature on the wire from an effect of strain on the wire using the sensed ultrasonic energy propagated through the wire in response to the generated signal that excites the wire using the multiple types of propagation.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein exciting the wire using the multiple types of propagation comprises exciting the wire at multiple excitation frequencies including the first and second excitation frequencies.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein a portion of the wire is coupled to the sensor to exhibit a varying ultrasonic signal transmission characteristic responsive to a force applied to the sensor, the method further comprising determining at least one of a pressure, an acceleration and a force measurement based upon the temperature compensated strain measurement.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein separating the effect of temperature from the effect of strain comprises separating velocity-induced timing changes due to temperature from strain-induced timing changes.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein calculating the temperature compensated strain measurement is performed using the following equation:
ϵ
=
β
1
-
α
β
2
-
β
1
(
Δ
f
2
f
2
-
Δ
f
1
f
1
)
-
Δ
f
1
f
1
wherein ε is the temperature compensated strain measurement, wherein (Δf 1 /f 1 ) and (Δf 2 /f 2 ) are relative frequency shifts at the first and second excitation frequencies, respectively, wherein α is a linear thermal expansion coefficient for the wire and wherein β 1 and β 2 are relative velocity temperature gradients for the wire at the first and second excitation frequencies, respectively.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein separating the effect of temperature from the effect of strain comprises determining relative phase shifts at the first and second excitation frequencies.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein separating the effect of temperature from the effect of strain comprises determining relative changes in velocity for each of the multiple types of propagation.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein sensing the ultrasonic energy propagated through the wire in response to the generated signal that excites the wire using multiple types of propagation comprises sensing resonant frequency changes.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein sensing the ultrasonic energy propagated through the wire in response to the generated signal that excites the wire using multiple types of propagation comprises sensing arrival time changes.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein sensing the ultrasonic energy propagated through the wire in response to the generated signal that excites the wire using multiple types of propagation comprises sensing a square wave ultrasonic signal having a duty cycle that causes the wire to be excited at multiple excitation frequencies based upon the duty cycle of the square wave.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ultrasonic signal transmission characteristic includes phase of the ultrasonic signal, amplitude of the ultrasonic signal, frequency of the ultrasonic signal, or propagation delay of the ultrasonic signal.
12. The method of claim 1 , further comprising using at least one transducer coupled to the wire to excite the wire using the multiple types of propagation in response to the generated signal.
13. A program product, comprising:
a computer readable medium; and
program code stored on the computer readable medium and configured upon execution by at least one processor to measure an environmental condition with a sensor of the type that includes a wire having an ultrasonic signal transmission characteristic that varies in response to the environmental condition by generating a signal that propagates ultrasonic energy through the wire using multiple types of propagation while the wire is subject to an applied stress, sensing the ultrasonic energy propagated through the wire in response to the generated signal that excites the wire using the multiple types of propagation and calculating a temperature compensated strain measurement associated with the applied stress in the wire using the sensed ultrasonic energy propagated through the wire in response to the generated signal that excites the wire using the multiple types of propagation, wherein calculating the temperature compensated strain measurement includes separating an effect of temperature on the wire from an effect of strain on the wire using the sensed ultrasonic energy propagated through the wire using the multiple types of propagation.
14. An apparatus, comprising:
transmission logic configured to generate a first signal that propagates ultrasonic energy to a sensor over a wire of the sensor using multiple types of propagation while the wire is subject to an applied stress, wherein the sensor is of the type that the wire has an ultrasonic signal transmission characteristic that varies in response to an environmental condition; and
receiver logic configured to receive a second signal representative of the ultrasonic energy propagated through the wire in response to the first signal that excites the wire using the multiple types of propagation, the receiver logic further configured to calculate a temperature compensated strain measurement associated with the applied stress in the wire using the second signal, wherein the receiver logic is configured to calculate the temperature compensated strain measurement by separating an effect of temperature on the wire from an effect of strain on the wire based upon the second signal.
15. The apparatus of claim 14 , wherein the sensor is a force sensor, a pressure sensor, an acceleration sensor, or a temperature sensor.
16. The apparatus of claim 14 , wherein the sensor comprises a diaphragm, wherein the wire is coupled to the diaphragm under tension.
17. The apparatus of claim 14 , wherein the sensor comprises a housing, wherein the wire is coupled to the housing.
18. The apparatus of claim 14 , further comprising transceiver logic including the transmitter logic and the receiver logic.
19. The apparatus of claim 14 , further comprising a transmitting transducer coupled to the transmission logic and configured to propagate ultrasonic energy to the wire responsive to the first signal.
20. The apparatus of claim 14 , further comprising a receiving transducer coupled to the receiver logic and configured to receive the ultrasonic energy propagated through the wire and generate the second signal responsive thereto.
21. The apparatus of claim 14 , wherein the receiver logic comprises at least one processor and program code configured for execution by the at least one processor to separate the effect of temperature from the effect of strain.
22. The apparatus of claim 14 , further comprising a phase matched cone coupled to the wire and configured to couple ultrasonic energy between the wire and a receiving transducer or a transmitting transducer.