Apparatus and methods for assisted breathing by transvascular nerve stimulation

1. A nerve stimulation system, comprising:

a signal generator; and

a catheter comprising:

a plurality of lumens extending from a proximal end of the catheter to a distal end of the catheter;

a plurality of proximal electrodes positioned on an exterior surface of a catheter;

a plurality of distal electrodes positioned on the exterior surface of the catheter; and

a first plurality of electrical leads positioned on the exterior surface of the catheter and connecting the plurality of proximal electrodes to the signal generator, and a second plurality of electrical leads distinct from the first plurality of leads, positioned on the exterior surface of the catheter, and connecting the plurality of distal electrodes to the signal generator,

wherein the proximal electrodes are configured to be positioned in a venous system of a patient to stimulate a left phrenic nerve, and the distal electrodes are configured to be positioned in a venous system of a patient to stimulate a right phrenic nerve,

wherein a row of the plurality of distal electrodes extends along a first axis and along a first length of the catheter, the first axis being parallel to a longitudinal axis of the catheter, and

wherein a row of the plurality of proximal electrodes extends along a second axis and along a second length of the catheter, the second axis being parallel to the longitudinal axis of the catheter, and

wherein the first length of the catheter is without stimulation electrodes along the second axis, and the second length of the catheter is without stimulation electrodes along the first axis.

2. The nerve stimulation system of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of proximal electrodes, the plurality of distal electrodes, the first plurality of electrical leads, and the second plurality of electrical leads are printed onto the exterior surface of the catheter.

3. The nerve stimulation system of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of proximal electrodes, the plurality of distal electrodes, the first plurality of electrical leads, and the second plurality of electrical leads include a conductive ink.

4. The nerve stimulation system of claim 1 , wherein at least one lumen of the plurality of lumens includes a tool, and wherein at least some of the first plurality of electrical leads are circumferentially offset from at least some of the second plurality of electrical leads.

5. The nerve stimulation system of claim 1 , wherein at least one lumen of the plurality of lumens is configured to at least one of deliver fluid to or remove fluid from a patient.

6. The nerve stimulation system of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of proximal electrodes are configured to be positioned in at least one of a left jugular vein or a left subclavian vein, and the plurality of distal electrodes are configured to be positioned in a superior vena cava.

7. The nerve stimulation system of claim 1 , wherein a distance between the proximal electrodes and the distal electrodes along the catheter is so that, when the proximal electrodes are positioned in the venous system to stimulate the left phrenic nerve, the distal electrodes are positioned in the venous system to stimulate the right phrenic nerve.

8. A method for nerve stimulation using a nerve stimulation system having a signal generator and a catheter, the method comprising:

positioning the catheter in a venous system of a patient, the catheter comprising:

a plurality of lumens extending from a proximal end of the catheter to a distal end of the catheter;

a plurality of proximal electrodes positioned on an exterior surface of the catheter;

a plurality of distal electrodes positioned on the exterior surface of the catheter, wherein:

a row of the plurality of distal electrodes extends along a first axis and along a first length of the catheter, the first axis being parallel to a longitudinal axis of the catheter,

a row of the plurality of proximal electrodes extends along a second axis and along a second length of the catheter, the second axis being parallel to the longitudinal axis of the catheter, and

the second length of the catheter is without stimulation electrodes along the first axis; and

a plurality of electrical leads positioned on the exterior surface of the catheter and connecting the plurality of proximal electrodes and the plurality of distal electrodes to the signal generator;

stimulating a left phrenic nerve with a first electrode combination of the plurality of proximal electrodes; and

stimulating a right phrenic nerve with a second electrode combination of the plurality of distal electrodes.

9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the plurality of proximal electrodes, the plurality of distal electrodes, and the plurality of electrical leads are printed onto the exterior surface of the catheter.

10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the plurality of proximal electrodes, the plurality of distal electrodes, and the plurality of electrical leads include a conductive ink.

11. The method of claim 8 , further comprising:

positioning the plurality of proximal electrodes in at least one of a left jugular vein or a left subclavian vein; and

positioning the plurality of distal electrodes in a superior vena cava.

12. The method of claim 8 , further comprising at least one of delivering fluid to or removing fluid from a patient through one of the plurality of lumens.

13. The method of claim 8 , wherein the first electrode combination includes a bipolar pair of electrodes, and the second electrode combination includes a bipolar pair of electrodes.

14. The method of claim 8 , further comprising:

testing a plurality of pairs of electrodes of the plurality of proximal electrodes to select the first electrode combination; and

testing a plurality of pairs of electrodes of the plurality of distal electrodes to select the second electrode combination.

15. A nerve stimulation system, comprising:

a signal generator;

a catheter comprising:

a plurality of lumens extending from a proximal end of the catheter to a distal end of the catheter;

a plurality of electrodes each printed on only a portion of a circumference of the catheter, wherein the plurality of electrodes includes proximal electrodes and distal electrodes; and

a plurality of electrical leads printed on the catheter and connecting the plurality of electrodes to the signal generator, wherein each lead of the plurality of electrical leads that is connected to a corresponding distal electrode of the distal electrodes extends past the proximal electrodes, without contacting the proximal electrodes;

wherein the signal generator is configured to send electrical signals to an electrode combination of the plurality of electrodes for stimulation of a phrenic nerve·

wherein a row of the distal electrodes extends along a first axis and along a first length of the catheter, the first axis being parallel to a longitudinal axis of the catheter,

wherein a row of the proximal electrodes extends along a second axis and along a second length of the catheter, the second axis being parallel to the longitudinal axis of the catheter, and

wherein the first length of the catheter is without stimulation electrodes along the second axis, and the second length of the catheter is without stimulation electrodes along the first axis.

16. The nerve stimulation system of claim 15 , wherein the plurality of electrodes and the plurality of electrical leads include a conductive ink, and wherein at least a portion of the plurality of electrical leads is covered with an insulative material.

17. The nerve stimulation system of claim 15 , wherein, the electrode combination of the plurality of electrodes is an electrode combination of the plurality of proximal electrodes, and the phrenic nerve is a left phrenic nerve; and wherein the signal generator is further configured to send electrical signals to an electrode combination of the plurality of distal electrodes for stimulation of a right phrenic nerve.

18. The nerve stimulation system of claim 17 , wherein the plurality of proximal electrodes are configured to be positioned in at least one of a left jugular vein or a left subclavian vein, and the plurality of distal electrodes are configured to be positioned in a superior vena cava.

19. The nerve stimulation system of claim 15 , further comprising a tool in at least one of the plurality of lumens.