Low cost rechargeable battery and the method for making the same
Low-cost electrochemical energy storage devices having electrochemical cells containing zinc electrodes in aqueous electrolytes, which exhibit superior cycle performance, preferably comprise the following elements: (a) a cathode formed of manganese dioxide particles, preferably doped with at least one of magnesium, strontium, barium, calcium, and lanthanum, wherein the manganese dioxide particles preferably form at least one of (1) a delta manganese dioxide structure and (2) a todokorite manganese dioxide structure; (b) an anode formed of particles comprising zinc, wherein the particles are preferably treated with at least one of bismuth, indium, gallium, antimony, and tin; (c) a mixed ion electrolyte solution with a pH greater than or equal to three and less than or equal to seven, wherein the solution preferably comprises at least one monovalent salt and at least one divalent salt; and (d) a mesh as cathode current collector comprising at least one of titanium, stainless steel, tantalum, and niobium, wherein the mesh is preferably coated by an electrically conductive and yet oxidation resistant material comprising but not limited to carbon.
1. A rechargeable electrochemical cell, comprising:
a cathode formed of at least one of:
manganese dioxide; and
manganese dioxide modified by at least one of magnesium, strontium, barium, calcium, and lanthanum;
an anode formed of particles comprising zinc, wherein the particles are modified by at least one of bismuth, indium, gallium, antimony, and tin;
a mixed ion electrolyte solution with a pH ranging from 3 to 7, wherein the solution comprises both monovalent salts and divalent salts; and
a mesh current collector for the cathode comprising at least one of titanium, stainless steel, tantalum, and niobium, wherein the current collector is coated in an electrically conductive and yet oxidation resistant material comprising carbon.
2. The rechargeable electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the manganese dioxide cathode forms at least one of:
a delta manganese dioxide structure; and
a todokorite manganese dioxide structure.
3. The rechargeable electrochemical cell of claim 2 , wherein the manganese dioxide cathode is modified with a metal.
4. The rechargeable electrochemical cell of claim 3 , wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of magnesium, strontium, barium, calcium, and lanthanum.
5. A rechargeable electrochemical cell, comprising:
a cathode formed, at least in part, of manganese dioxide;
an anode formed, at least in part, of zinc, wherein the zinc is modified by a first metal; and
a mixed ion electrolyte solution with a pH ranging from 3 to 7, wherein the electrolyte solution comprises both monovalent and divalent salts.
6. The rechargeable electrochemical cell of claim 5 , wherein manganese dioxide is modified by a second metal.
7. The rechargeable electrochemical cell of claim 6 , wherein the second metal comprises at least one of magnesium, strontium, barium, calcium, and lanthanum.
8. The rechargeable electrochemical cell of claim 5 , further comprising a current collector, coupled to the cathode, coated with electrically conductive yet oxidation resistant material.
9. The rechargeable electrochemical cell of claim 8 , wherein the current collector is a mesh comprising at least one of titanium, stainless steel, tantalum, and niobium.
10. The rechargeable electrochemical cell of claim 5 , wherein the first metal comprises at least one of bismuth, indium, gallium, antimony and tin.
11. The rechargeable electrochemical cell of claim 5 , wherein the electrolyte solution comprises a monovalent salt selected from the group consisting of lithium sulfate, sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, and cesium sulfate.
12. The rechargeable electrochemical cell of claim 11 , wherein the electrolyte solution further comprises a divalent salt selected from the group consisting of magnesium sulfate, zinc sulfate, and manganese sulfate.
13. The rechargeable electrochemical cell of claim 11 , further comprising a current collector, coupled to the cathode, coated with electrically conductive and yet oxidation resistant material.
14. The rechargeable electrochemical cell of claim 13 , wherein the current collector is a mesh comprising at least one of titanium, stainless steel, tantalum, and niobium.
15. The rechargeable electrochemical cell of claim 5 , wherein the manganese dioxide forms at least one of a todokorite manganese dioxide structure and a delta manganese dioxide structure.
16. The rechargeable electrochemical cell of claim 15 , wherein the first metal comprises at least one of bismuth, indium, gallium, antimony and tin.
17. The rechargeable electrochemical cell of claim 16 , further comprising a current collector, coupled to the cathode, coated with electrically conductive and yet oxidation resistant material.
18. The rechargeable electrochemical cell of claim 17 , wherein the current collector is a mesh comprising at least one of titanium, stainless steel, tantalum, and niobium.
19. The rechargeable electrochemical cell of claim 15 , wherein the manganese dioxide is modified by a second metal.
20. The rechargeable electrochemical cell of claim 19 , wherein the second metal comprises at least one of magnesium, strontium, barium, calcium, and lanthanum.
21. The rechargeable electrochemical cell of claim 20 , further comprising a current collector, coupled to the cathode, coated with electrically conductive and yet oxidation resistant material.
22. The rechargeable electrochemical cell of claim 21 , wherein the current collector is a mesh comprising at least one of titanium, stainless steel, tantalum, and niobium.
23. A rechargeable electrochemical cell, comprising:
a cathode comprising manganese dioxide;
an anode comprising zinc; and
a mixed ion electrolyte solution with a pH ranging from 3 to 7, wherein the solution comprises both monovalent salts and divalent salts.
24. The rechargeable electrochemical cell of claim 23 , wherein the monovalent salt comprises at least one of lithium, sodium, potassium, ammonium, rubidium and cesium cations.
25. The rechargeable electrochemical cell of claim 24 , wherein the divalent salt comprises at least one of zinc, manganese, barium, and magnesium cations.
26. The rechargeable electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the monovalent salt comprises at least one of lithium, sodium, potassium, ammonium, rubidium and cesium cations.
27. The rechargeable electrochemical cell of claim 26 , wherein the divalent salt comprises at least one of zinc, manganese, barium, and magnesium cations.