Zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitor and methods of preparation thereof
A zinc (Zn) ion hybrid supercapacitor (ZIHSC) in the form of an electrochemical cell includes a Zn nanosheets electrodeposited metal substrate (Zn ED-MS) as an anode, and a jute activated carbon coated conductive carbon substrate (the JAC-CCS) as a cathode, an electrolyte including an aqueous solution of Zn salt at a concentration of 0.05 to 5 molars (M), and a membrane as a separator.
1 . A zinc (Zn) ion hybrid supercapacitor (ZIHSC) in the form of an electrochemical cell, including:
a Zn nanosheets electrodeposited metal substrate (Zn ED-MS) as an anode;
a jute activated carbon coated conductive carbon substrate (the JAC-CCS) as a cathode;
an electrolyte including an aqueous solution of a Zn salt at a concentration of 0.05 to 5 molars (M); and
a membrane as a separator, wherein the membrane separates the anode from the cathode.
2 . The ZIHSC of claim 1 , wherein the Zn ED-MS includes:
a metal substrate; and
hexagon-shaped Zn nanosheets at least partially covering a surface of the metal substrate.
3 . The ZIHSC of claim 2 , wherein the metal substrate is at least one selected from the group consisting of an aluminum substrate, a nickel substrate, a titanium substrate, a titanium alloy substrate, an aluminum alloy substrate, a magnesium alloy substrate, a nickel alloy substrate, and a steel substrate.
4 . The ZIHSC of claim 2 , wherein the hexagon-shaped Zn nanosheets have an average thickness of 5 to 150 nanometers (nm), and an average length of 3 to 7 micrometers (μm) in a longest dimension.
5 . The ZIHSC of claim 2 , wherein the hexagon-shaped Zn nanosheets present in the Zn ED-MS are in form of a multilayered structure that are uniformly deposited on the surface of the metal substrate.
6 . The ZIHSC of claim 1 , wherein the JAC-CCS includes:
a conductive carbon substrate; and
a jute activated carbon (the JAC) composition at least partially covering a surface of the conductive carbon substrate.
7 . The ZIHSC of claim 6 , wherein the conductive carbon substrate is at least one selected from the group consisting of a graphite substrate, an acetylene black substrate, and a graphene substrate.
8 . The ZIHSC of claim 6 , wherein the JAC composition includes:
about 65 to 85 wt. % of jute activated carbon (the JAC) having an amorphous structure;
about 5 to 25 wt. % of carbon black; and
about 5 to 15 wt. % of a polymer binder, each wt. % based on a total weight of the JAC composition.
9 . The ZIHSC of claim 8 , wherein the polymer binder is at least one selected from the group consisting of a styrene butadiene rubber, a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and a polyvinylidene fluoride copolymer.
10 . The ZIHSC of claim 8 , wherein the JAC composition includes:
about 75 wt. % of the JAC;
about 15 wt. % of carbon black; and
about 10 wt. % of a polyvinylidene fluoride, each wt. % based on the total weight of the JAC composition.
11 . The ZIHSC of claim 1 , wherein the Zn salt is present in the electrolyte at a concentration of about 2 M.
12 . The ZIHSC of claim 1 , wherein the Zn salt includes zinc sulfate, zinc acetate, zinc citrate, zinc iodide, zinc chloride, zinc perchlorate, zinc nitrate, zinc phosphate, zinc triflate, zinc bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, zinc tetrafluoroborate, zinc bromide, and/or its hydrate.
13 . The ZIHSC of claim 1 , wherein the membrane is a microporous polymeric membrane selected from the group consisting of a polyethylene membrane, a polypropylene membrane, and a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membrane.
14 . The ZIHSC of claim 1 , having:
an energy density of 98 to 118 watt-hours per kilogram (Wh/kg);
a power density of 70 to 90 watts per kilogram (W/kg); and
a specific capacitance of about 280 to 325 farads per gram (F/g), each measured at a current density of about 0.1 amperes per gram (A/g).
15 . The ZIHSC of claim 1 , after subjecting to about 10,000 cycles of charging and discharging at a current density of about 5 A/g, wherein the ZIHSC has a capacity retention rate of about 94% based on an initial capacity of the ZIHSC.
16 . A method of making the ZIHSC of claim 1 , including preparing the Zn ED-MS by:
charging the electrolyte including the Zn salt to an electrochemical cell including a working electrode, a counter electrode, and a reference electrode;
wherein the working electrode is a metal substrate;
immersing the metal substrate into the electrolyte and applying a potential between the metal substrate and the counter electrode in the electrochemical cell via the electrolyte to form Zn nanosheets deposited on a surface of the metal substrate; and
removing the metal substrate including the Zn nanosheets from the electrolyte, washing and drying.
17 . The method of claim 16 , wherein the electrolyte further includes a sodium salt, and a boric acid.
18 . The method of claim 16 , wherein the metal substrate is a steel mesh, and wherein the Zn ED-MS is a Zn nanosheets electrodeposited steel substrate (the Zn ED-SS).
19 . The method of claim 16 , further including preparing the JAC-CCS by:
mixing jute powder, a base, and water to form a first mixture;
calcinating the first mixture at a temperature of about 800° C. to form a second mixture;
washing the second mixture and drying to form the JAC in the form of particles;
dispersing the particles of the JAC, carbon black, and a polymer binder in a solvent and mixing to form a slurry;
applying the slurry on a surface of a conductive carbon substrate, and drying to form a sample; and
drying the sample.
20 . The method of claim 19 , wherein the polymer binder is a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and the conductive carbon substrate is a graphite substrate (GrF), and wherein the JAC-CCS a jute activated carbon coated conductive carbon substrate (the JAC-GrF).