Systems and methods for producing flat surfaces in interconnect structures
In interconnect fabrication (e.g. a damascene process), a conductive layer is formed over a substrate with holes, and is polished to provide interconnect features in the holes. To prevent erosion/dishing of the conductive layer at the holes, the conductive layer is covered by a sacrificial layer (possibly conformal) before polishing; then both layers are polished. Initially, before polishing, the conductive layer and the sacrificial layer are recessed over the holes, but the sacrificial layer is polished at a lower rate to result in a protrusion of the conductive layer at a location of each hole. The polishing can continue to remove the protrusions and provide a planar surface.
1. A method for fabricating an apparatus comprising one or more semiconductor devices, the method comprising:
(a) obtaining a substrate comprising one or more holes in a top surface of the substrate, each said hole comprising at least one of a through-hole and a recess;
(b) obtaining a first structure comprising the substrate and also comprising a conductive layer of a first material, the conductive layer covering the substrate and extending into each said hole to provide in each said hole at least a part of an interconnect structure in the apparatus, a top surface of the conductive layer having a protrusion over each said hole, wherein over each said hole, the corresponding protrusion extends upward from an adjacent area of the top surface of the conductive layer, the adjacent area laterally surrounding a top of the protrusion; and
(c) polishing a top surface of the first structure at least until the top surface is planar and the conductive layer is completely removed adjacent each said hole.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein each said protrusion is convex.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the polishing comprises a stage at which the conductive layer is completely removed adjacent each said hole and forms a protrusion at the top surface of the first structure over each said hole.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein at said stage, each said protrusion is convex.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein operation (b) comprises:
(b1) forming a first layer covering the substrate, the first layer comprising a layer of the first material; and then
(b2) polishing the first layer until the first structure is obtained.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein polishing the first layer comprises polishing the layer of the first material to remove a part of the layer of the first material, a remaining part of the layer of the first material being said conductive layer.
7. The method of claim 5 wherein at an end of operation (b2), the layer of the first material has a recess over each said hole.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein obtaining the first structure comprises forming a barrier layer over the substrate and in each said hole prior to forming the conductive layer;
wherein the polishing comprises completely removing the barrier layer adjacent each said hole.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein the polishing comprises a stage at which both the conductive layer and the barrier layer are completely removed adjacent each said hole, and the conductive layer forms a protrusion at the top surface of the structure over each said hole.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the one or more holes are a plurality of the holes.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein the first material comprises copper.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein forming the conductive layer comprises electro-deposition of the first material.
13. The method of claim 1 wherein the polishing comprises chemical mechanical polishing.
14. The method of claim 1 wherein the polishing comprises electro-chemical mechanical polishing.
15. The method of claim 1 wherein the substrate is a silicon wafer.
16. A method for fabricating an apparatus comprising one or more semiconductor devices, the method comprising:
(a) obtaining a substrate comprising one or more holes in a top surface of the substrate, each said hole comprising at least one of a through-hole and a recess;
(b) obtaining a first structure comprising the substrate and also comprising a conductive layer of a first material, the conductive layer covering the substrate and extending into each said hole to provide in each said hole at least a part of an interconnect structure in the apparatus, a top surface of the conductive layer having a protrusion over each said hole, wherein over each said hole, the corresponding protrusion extends upward from an adjacent area of the top surface of the conductive layer, the adjacent area laterally surrounding a top of the protrusion; and
(c) polishing a top surface of the first structure at least until the top surface is planar and the conductive layer is completely removed around each said hole.
17. The method of claim 16 wherein each said protrusion is convex.
18. The method of claim 16 wherein the polishing comprises a stage at which the conductive layer is completely removed around each said hole and forms a protrusion at the top surface of the first structure over each said hole.
19. The method of claim 18 wherein at said stage, each said protrusion is convex.
20. The method of claim 16 wherein operation (b) comprises:
(b1) forming a first layer covering the substrate, the first layer comprising a layer of the first material; and then
(b2) polishing the first layer to remove a part of the layer of the first material, a remaining part of the layer of the first material being said conductive layer;
wherein at a start of operation (b2), the layer of the first material has a recess over each said hole.
21. The method of claim 1 wherein the operation (b) comprises thermal treatment of the first material of the conductive layer, the thermal treatment changing a grain size of the first material of the conductive layer.
22. The method of claim 21 wherein the first material is metal.
23. The method of claim 21 wherein the first material is copper.