Modulating the microstructure of metallic interconnect structures
Tooling apparatus and methods are provided to fabricate semiconductor devices in which controlled thermal annealing techniques are utilized to modulate microstructures of metallic interconnect structures. For example, an apparatus includes a single platform semiconductor processing chamber having first and second sub-chambers. The first sub-chamber is configured to receive a semiconductor substrate comprising a metallization layer formed on a dielectric layer, wherein a portion of the metallization layer is disposed within an opening etched in the dielectric layer, and to form a stress control layer on the metallization layer. The second sub-chamber comprises a programmable hot plate which is configured to perform a thermal anneal process to modulate a microstructure of the metallization layer while the stress control layer is disposed on the metallization layer, and without an air break between the process modules of forming the stress control layer and performing the thermal anneal process.
1. An apparatus, comprising:
a single platform semiconductor processing chamber comprising a first sub-chamber, a second sub-chamber, a third sub-chamber, and a fourth sub-chamber, which is configured to process a substrate comprising a dielectric layer disposed on an upper surface of a substrate, wherein the dielectric layer comprises an opening etched in a surface of the dielectric layer;
wherein the first sub-chamber is configured to deposit a layer of metallic material to fill the opening and cover the surface of the dielectric layer with the metallic material;
wherein the second sub-chamber is configured to perform a furnace anneal process to reflow the layer of metallic material;
wherein the third sub-chamber is configured to deposit a stress control layer on the layer of metallic material subsequent to the furnace anneal process; and
wherein the fourth sub-chamber comprises a programmable hot plate, wherein the fourth sub-chamber is configured to perform a controlled thermal anneal process using the programmable hot plate to modulate a microstructure of the layer of metallic material from a first microstructure to a second microstructure while the stress control layer is disposed on the layer of metallic material, wherein the programmable hot plate is programmed to perform a controlled thermal anneal cycle with active heating and active cooling stages.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the controlled thermal anneal cycle is performed over a period of time ranging from about 30 seconds to about 5 hours.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the controlled thermal anneal cycle is performed over a temperature setting of the programmable hot plate from about 0 degrees Celsius to about 800 degrees Celsius.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the controlled thermal anneal cycle comprises at least one ramp-up heating period in which a temperature setting of the programmable hot plate increases at a rate of about 10 degrees Celsius per minute, or greater.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the controlled thermal anneal cycle comprises at least one ramp-down cooling period in which a temperature setting of the programmable hot plate decreases at a rate of about 2 degrees Celsius per minute, or greater.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the controlled thermal anneal cycle comprises at least one soaking period in which a temperature setting of the programmable hot plate is maintained constant for a period of time at a temperature level which is below a critical temperature of the layer of metallic material at which stress relaxation of the metallic material occurs during a heating period of the controlled thermal anneal cycle.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the controlled thermal anneal cycle is performed within the fourth sub-chamber in a gas atmosphere which comprises at least one of nitrogen, hydrogen, and helium.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the stress control layer comprises at least one of tantalum (Ta), tantalum nitride (TaN), titanium (Ti), titanium nitride (TiN), tungsten (W), tungsten nitride (WN), cobalt (Co), cobalt tungsten phosphide (CoWP), ruthenium (Ru), ruthenium nitride (RuN), ruthenium (Ru), ruthenium nitride (RuN), iridium (Ir), rhodium (Rh), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and alloys of such materials.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the layer of metallic material comprises at least one of copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), tungsten (W), cobalt (Co), ruthenium (Ru), iridium (Ir), rhodium (Rh), nickel (Ni), and alloys of such materials.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first sub-chamber implements one of a dry deposition process and a wet deposition process to deposit the layer of metallic material.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first microstructure comprises a polycrystalline microstructure and wherein the second microstructure comprises an average grain size which is greater than an average grain size of the polycrystalline microstructure.
12. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the dielectric layer comprises an interlevel dielectric (ILD) layer of a back-end-of-line (BEOL) structure formed on the semiconductor substrate.