Electrode protection using a composite comprising an electrolyte-inhibiting ion conductor
Composite structures including an ion-conducting material and a polymeric material (e.g., a separator) to protect electrodes are generally described. The ion-conducting material may be in the form of a layer that is bonded to a polymeric separator. The ion-conducting material may comprise a lithium oxysulfide having a lithium-ion conductivity of at least at least 10 −6 S/cm.
1. An electrochemical cell, comprising:
a first electrode comprising lithium as an electroactive material;
a second electrode; and
a composite positioned between the first and second electrodes, the composite comprising:
a separator comprising pores having an average pore size, wherein the separator has a bulk electronic resistivity of at least about 10 4 Ohm-meters; and
an ion conductor layer bonded to the separator,
wherein the separator and the ion conductor layer have a strength of adhesion that passes a tape test according to standard ASTM D3359-02,
wherein the ion conductor layer has a lithium-ion conductivity of at least 10 −6 S/cm and less than 20 S/cm,
wherein the ion conductor layer comprises a lithium oxysulfide, and
wherein a root mean square surface roughness of the ion conductor layer is between 0.5 nm and 1 micron.
2. An electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the ion conductor layer comprises a lithium oxysulfide having an atomic ratio of oxygen atoms to sulfur atoms (O:S) in the range of from 0.01:1 to 0.25:1.
3. An electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the ion conductor layer comprising the lithium oxysulfide is a part of a multi-layered structure comprising more than one ion conductor layers.
4. An electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the ion conductor layer comprising the lithium oxysulfide is in direct contact with each of the first electrode and the separator.
5. An electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the separator has a thickness between 5 microns and 40 microns.
6. An electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the separator has a bulk electronic resistivity between 10 10 Ohm meters and 10 15 Ohm meters.
7. An electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the separator is a solid, polymeric separator.
8. An electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the separator is a solid comprising a mixture of a polymeric binder and a filler comprising a ceramic or a glassy/ceramic material.
9. An electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the separator comprises one or more of poly(n-pentene-2), polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, a polyamide (e.g., polyamide (Nylon), poly(ε-caprolactam) (Nylon 6), poly(hexamethylene adipamide) (Nylon 66)), a polyimide (e.g., polynitrile, and poly(pyromellitimide-1,4-diphenyl ether) (Kapton®) (NOMEX®) (KEVLAR®)), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), and combinations thereof.
10. An electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the lithium oxysulfide has a formula of x(yLi 2 S+zLi 2 O)+MS 2 (where M is Si, Ge, or Sn), where y+z=1, and where x may range from 0.5-3.
11. An electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the ion conductor layer comprises a glass-forming additive ranging from 0 wt % to 30 wt % of the inorganic ion conductor material.
12. An electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the separator has an average pore size of less than or equal to 0.5 microns.
13. An electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the ion conductor layer has a thickness of less than or equal to 800 nm.
14. An electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the composite has a lithium ion conductivity of at least 10 −5 S/cm at 25 degrees Celsius.
15. An electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein a ratio of a thickness of the ion conductor layer to the average pore size of the separator is at least 1.1:1 and less than or equal to 20:1.
16. An electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein a strength of adhesion between the separator and the ion conductor layer is at least 50 N/m and less than or equal to 2000 N/m.
17. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the ion conductor layer serves as a solvent barrier.
18. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the tape test comprises forming an X-cut through the separator.
19. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the strength of adhesion between the separator and the ion conductor layer is such that, when ASTM D3359-02 is performed, the separator does not delaminate from ion conductor layer.
20. An electrochemical cell, comprising:
a first electrode comprising lithium as an electroactive material;
a second electrode; and
a composite positioned between the first and second electrodes, the composite comprising:
a separator comprising pores having an average pore size, wherein the separator has a bulk electronic resistivity of at least about 10 4 Ohm-meters; and
an ion conductor layer bonded to the separator,
wherein the separator and the ion conductor layer have a strength of adhesion that passes a tape test according to standard ASTM D3359-02,
wherein the ion conductor layer has a lithium-ion conductivity of at least 10 −6 S/cm and less than 20 S/cm,
wherein the ion conductor layer comprises a lithium oxysulfide, and
wherein the ion conductor layer comprises a lithium oxysulfide having an atomic ratio of oxygen atoms to sulfur atoms (O:S) in the range of from 0.01:1 to 0.25:1.
21. An electrochemical cell, comprising:
a first electrode comprising lithium as an electroactive material;
a second electrode; and
a composite positioned between the first and second electrodes, the composite comprising:
a separator comprising pores having an average pore size, wherein the separator has a bulk electronic resistivity of at least about 10 4 Ohm-meters; and
an ion conductor layer bonded to the separator,
wherein the separator and the ion conductor layer have a strength of adhesion that passes a tape test according to standard ASTM D3359-02,
wherein the ion conductor layer has a lithium-ion conductivity of at least 10 −6 S/cm and less than 20 S/cm,
wherein the ion conductor layer comprises a lithium oxysulfide, and
wherein the lithium oxysulfide has a formula of x(yLi 2 S+zLi 2 O)+MS 2 (where M is Si, Ge, or Sn), where y+z=1, and where x may range from 0.5-3.