Process for the controlled introduction of oil into food products
A process for the application of a predetermined amount of oil to food pieces comprises: (a) providing or receiving a plurality of cut or shaped food pieces; (b) applying an oil-water emulsion to the food pieces for a time sufficient to provide a predetermined amount of oil to the food pieces and so that the food pieces have an initial moisture level after applying the oil-water emulsion; and (c) reducing the initial moisture level, in the absence of frying in oil, to a moisture level of from about 0.2 to about 80% by weight to provide a cooked food product, comprising said predetermined amount of oil, wherein step (c) does not comprises frying the food pieces in hot oil.
1. A process for the application of a predetermined amount of oil to food pieces, comprising:
(a) providing a plurality of cut or shaped food pieces;
(b) treating the food pieces with an effective amount of at least one starch-degrading enzyme and an effective amount of at least one cation;
(c) blanching the treated food pieces to deactivate the starch-degrading enzyme;
(d) spraying an emulsion consisting essentially of oil and water onto the blanched treated food pieces for a time sufficient to provide a predetermined amount of oil to the food pieces and so that the food pieces have an initial moisture level after applying the oil-water emulsion; and
(e) reducing the initial moisture level by heating the emulsion-treated food pieces in at least one oven or drier wherein the pieces are heated in two stages at an oven/drier temperature of about 375° F. to about 400° F. for a time of about 2 to about 20 minutes, and then at an oven/drier temperature of about 200° F. to about 275° F. for a time of about 5 to about 14 minutes to a final moisture level of from about 0.2 to about 10% by weight to provide a finished food product, wherein the food pieces are not cooked/fried in hot oil, and wherein the finished food product has the taste, texture and/or appearance of a finished food product made by a step wherein the food pieces are cooked/fried in hot oil, less than 150 ppb acrylamide.
2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the oil content of the oil-water emulsion is selected according to the equation:
f
oe
=
f
o
f
co
⨯
f
s
(
1
+
f
o
+
f
w
)
where f oe is the fraction, by weight, of oil in the oil-water emulsion, f o is the fraction, by weight, of oil on the food product, f co is the fractional carry-over rate of oil from the oil-water emulsion onto the food pieces, f s is the fractional solids content, by weight, of the food pieces, and f w is the water fraction, by weight, in the food product.
3. The process of claim 1 , wherein the oil-water emulsion applied to the food pieces comprises about 5 wt-% to about 85 wt-% oil.
4. The process of claim 1 , wherein the food pieces are fruit pieces or vegetable pieces.
5. The process according to claim 4 , whereby the food pieces comprise yams, carrots, taro, potatoes, or sweet potatoes.
6. The process according to claim 5 , whereby the food pieces comprise potato slices or sticks.
7. The process of claim 1 , further comprising rinsing the food pieces with water and drying the food pieces prior to applying the emulsion to the food pieces.
8. The process of claim 1 , further comprising preparing the emulsion by mixing oil and water by at least one of homogenizing, sonolation, agitating, or running oil and water through one or a series of pumps.
9. The process of claim 8 , wherein the emulsion is prepared without an exogenous emulsifier or surfactant.
10. The process of claim 7 , wherein the drying at the first stage lowers the moisture content of the food pieces to about 40 wt. to about 70 wt-%.
11. The process of claim 1 , wherein the fat content of the food product is up to about 30 wt-%.
12. A food product prepared by the process of claim 1 .
13. The process of claim 1 wherein the enzyme comprises amylase and/or amyloglucosidase.
14. The method of claim 1 wherein the final moisture level is reduced to about 0.5 to about 5% by weight.
15. The food product prepared by the process of claim 1 that is a potato chip.
16. The method of claim 1 wherein, in step (b), the food pieces are treated with an aqueous solution comprising the at least one enzyme and the at least one cation.
17. The method of claim 1 wherein the at least one cation is selected from the group consisting of sodium salts, calcium salts, magnesium salts, potassium salts, aluminum compounds and nitrogen compounds.
18. The method of claim 17 wherein the at least one cation is selected from the group consisting of NaCl, KCI, MgCl 2 and CaCl 2 .