Slippery rough surfaces
Substrates having a textured surface that can maintain or improve droplet mobility in both the Cassie and Wenzel states include a textured surface and a conformal lubricant layer thereover. The textured surface can include a plurality of raised first elements and a plurality of second elements thereon and the conformal lubricant layer over the plurality of raised first elements and covering the plurality of second elements. The plurality of raised first elements can have an average height of between 0.5 μm and 500 μm, and the plurality of second elements can have an average height of between 0.01 μm and 10 μm. Such substrates can be prepared by texturing a surface of a substrate with a plurality of raised first elements and a plurality of second elements thereon; optionally silanizing the textured surface and applying a lubricant layer over the plurality of raised first elements and between the plurality of second elements.
1. A substrate having a textured surface, the textured surface comprising a plurality of raised first elements and a plurality of second elements thereon, wherein the plurality of second elements have an average height of between 0.01 μm and 10 μm, and a conformal lubricant layer over the plurality of raised first elements and covering the plurality of second elements,
wherein the conformal lubricant layer has a uniform thickness over the entire plurality of raised first elements, and
wherein the lubricant is an oleophilic lubricant or a hydrophilic lubricant and the textured surface can maintain droplet mobility in a Wenzel state.
2. The substrate of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of second elements have an average height of between 0.5 μm and 5 μm.
3. The substrate of claim 2 , wherein the conformal lubricant layer has a thickness over the entire plurality of raised first elements that does not vary by more than 100%.
4. The substrate of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of raised first elements have an average height of between 0.5 μm and 500 μm.
5. The substrate of claim 4 , wherein the conformal lubricant layer has a thickness over the entire plurality of raised first elements that does not vary by more than 100%.
6. The substrate of claim 1 , further comprising a silanized coating between the conformal lubricant layer and either the plurality of raised first elements or the plurality of second elements or both.
7. The substrate of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of raised first elements have an average height of between 15 μm and 100 μm.
8. The substrate of claim 7 , wherein the lubricant is a hydrophilic lubricant.
9. The substrate of claim 1 , wherein a thickness of the conformal lubricant layer over the plurality of raised first elements is from 0.01 μm to 10 μm.
10. The substrate of claim 1 , wherein a uniformity of the conformal lubricant layer over the plurality of raised first elements is less than 10 μm.
11. The substrate of claim 1 , wherein the conformal lubricant layer has a thickness over the entire plurality of raised first elements that does not vary by more than 100%.
12. The substrate of claim 1 , wherein the conformal lubricant layer has a thickness between 0.01 μm and 10 μm and the thickness of the conformal lubricant layer does not vary over the entire plurality of raised first elements by more than 100%.
13. A device including the substrate of claim 1 .
14. The device of claim 9 , wherein the devise is a fog harvesting device, heat exchanger, oil-water separation device, or wherein the device includes a drag reduction coating and/or anti-biofouling coating.