Compliant solid-state ionically conductive composite materials and method for making same
Provided herein are ionically conductive solid-state compositions that include ionically conductive inorganic particles in a matrix of an organic material. The resulting composite material has high ionic conductivity and mechanical properties that facilitate processing. In particular embodiments, the ionically conductive solid-state compositions are compliant and may be cast as films. In some embodiments of the present invention, solid-state electrolytes including the ionically conductive solid-state compositions are provided. In some embodiments of the present invention, electrodes including the ionically conductive solid-state compositions are provided. The present invention further includes embodiments that are directed to methods of manufacturing the ionically conductive solid-state compositions and batteries incorporating the ionically conductive solid-state compositions.
1. A method of forming a solid-state composite comprising:
mixing ionically conductive inorganic material with one or more organic components to form a composite, wherein the one or more organic components comprises a first component that is a non-ionically conductive polymer having a number average molecular weight of between 500 g/mol and 50,000 g/mol;
applying external pressure to the composite, wherein applying external pressure increases the ionic conductivity of the composite by a factor of at least two;
heating the composite during the application of external pressure to a temperature greater than 70° C. and cooling the composite after heating.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising releasing the applied pressure.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein an increase of at least a factor of two in ionic conductivity is maintained after releasing the applied pressure.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more organic components further comprises a binder, wherein the binder is a non-ion conducting polymer having a number average molecular weight of at least 100 kg/mol.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the binder has a glass transition temperature (Tg) greater than 21° C.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein mixing the ionically conductive inorganic material with the one or more organic components comprises solvent-free mechanical mixing.
7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising dissolving the one or more organic components in a solvent and forming a slurry comprising the dissolved one or more organic components and the ionically conductive inorganic material.
8. The method of claim 7 , further comprising casting the slurry on a substrate and evaporating the solvent.
9. The method of claim 1 , further comprising extruding the composite.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more organic components further comprises a binder, wherein the binder is a non-ion conducting polymer having a number average molecular weight of at least 100 kg/mol, and the binder constitutes between 0.5% and 5% of the composite by weight.
11. The method of claim 1 , further comprising mixing an electrochemically active material and an electronically conductive additive with the one or more organic components.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first component is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS).
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first component is polybutadiene (PBD).
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first component is polystyrene.
15. A method of forming a solid-state composite comprising:
mixing ionically conductive inorganic material with one or more organic components to form a composite, wherein the one or more organic components comprises a first component that is a non-ionically conductive polymer having a number average molecular weight of between 500 g/mol and 50,000 g/mol;
applying external pressure to the composite, wherein applying external pressure increases the ionic conductivity of the composite by a factor of at least two;
heating the composite during the application of external pressure to a temperature greater than the glass transition temperature Tg of the first component, and cooling the composite after heating.
16. The method of claim 15 , further comprising releasing the applied pressure wherein an increase of at least a factor of two in ionic conductivity is maintained after releasing the applied pressure.
17. A method of forming a solid-state composite comprising:
mixing ionically conductive inorganic material with one or more organic components to form a composite, wherein the one or more organic components comprises a first component that is a non-ionically conductive polymer having a number average molecular weight of between 500 g/mol and 50,000 g/mol; and
applying external pressure to the composite, wherein applying external pressure increases the ionic conductivity of the composite by a factor of at least two, wherein the ionically conductive inorganic material constitutes at least 40% by weight of the solid-state composition and the first component constitutes at least 10% by weight of the solid-state composition.