Systems and methods for determining blood flow characteristics using flow ratio
Embodiments include a system for determining patient cardiovascular information which includes at least one computer system configured to receive patient-specific data regarding a geometry of an anatomical structure of a patient; create a model representing at least a portion of the anatomical structure of the patient based on the patient-specific data; determine a first blood flow rate at at least one point of interest in the model by using relations of individual-specific anatomic data to functional estimates of blood flow characteristics generated from a plurality of individuals; modify the model; determine a second blood flow rate at a point in the modified model corresponding to the at least one point of interest by using the relations of individual-specific anatomic data to functional estimates of blood flow characteristics; and determine a fractional flow reserve value as a ratio of the second blood flow rate to the first blood flow rate.
1. A system for determining cardiovascular information for a patient, the system comprising:
at least one computer system configured for:
receiving, at the at least one computer system, patient-specific data of a patient's anatomy, the patient-specific data including patient-specific imaging data;
generating, using the at least one computer system, a first three-dimensional model representing a portion of the patient's anatomy based on the patient-specific data by locating boundaries of lumens of coronary arteries of the patient's heart using the patient-specific imaging data;
determining a first blood flow rate within the patient's anatomy at a first point of interest in the first three-dimensional model using estimates of a blood flow characteristic associated with a plurality of individuals other than the patient;
determining a revised three-dimensional model by modifying the first three-dimensional model;
representing the revised three-dimensional model as a list including a plurality of points in three-dimensional space that form the revised three-dimensional model, the list including, for each point of the plurality of points, a respective listing of neighboring points;
generating a respective feature vector for each point of the plurality of points that includes a numerical description of a respective geometry at the point, based on the respective listing of neighboring points;
executing a machine-learning algorithm on the respective feature vectors to determine blood flow rates at each of the plurality of points;
determining a second blood flow rate at a second point of interest, wherein the second point of interest of the revised three-dimensional model is a one of the plurality of points that corresponds to the first point of interest of the first three-dimensional model; and
determining and generating an output of a ratio of the second blood flow rate of the revised three-dimensional model to the first blood flow rate of the first three-dimensional model.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the system is further configured for:
determining functional significance of disease at a location of the patient's vasculature upstream of the first point of interest based on the ratio.
3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the modification to the first three-dimensional model comprises removal of one or more anatomic restrictions proximal to the first point of interest or widening of a section of the first three-dimensional model.
4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the first three-dimensional model representing the portion of the patient's modified cardiovascular anatomy includes at least a portion of an aorta and at least a portion of a coronary artery emanating from the portion of the aorta, wherein the revised three-dimensional model point is located at a location in the coronary arteries.
5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the system is further configured for:
determining a second revised three-dimensional model; and
determining a ratio based on a blood flow rate of the second revised three-dimensional model to the first blood flow rate of the first three-dimensional model.
6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the patient-specific data further includes one or more of: data regarding a geometry of a coronary anatomy of the patient, a blood pressure of the patient, a baseline heart rate of the patient, a height of the patient, a weight of the patient, a hematocrit of the patient, or a stroke volume of the patient.
7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one computer system is configured to determine the first blood flow rate using a parameter associated with at least one of a level of hyperemia, a level of exercise, or a medication.
8. The system of claim 7 , wherein the at least one computer system is configured for:
determining the first blood flow rate using a parameter associated with the level of hyperemia, and the parameter relates to a coronary artery resistance of the patient, an aortic blood pressure of the patient, or a heart rate of the patient.
9. A method for determining patient-specific cardiovascular information using at least one computer system, the method comprising:
receiving, at the at least one computer system, patient-specific data of a patient's anatomy, the patient-specific data including patient-specific imaging data;
generating, using the at least one computer system, a first three-dimensional model representing a portion of the patient's anatomy based on the patient-specific data by locating boundaries of lumens of coronary arteries of the patient's heart using the patient-specific imaging data;
determining a first blood flow rate within the patient's anatomy at a first point of interest in the first three-dimensional model using estimates of a blood flow characteristic associated with a plurality of individuals other than the patient;
determining a revised three-dimensional model by modifying the first three-dimensional model;
representing the revised three-dimensional model as a list including a plurality of points in three-dimensional space that form the revised three-dimensional model, the list including, for each point of the plurality of points, a respective listing of neighboring points;
generating a respective feature vector for each point of the plurality of points that includes a numerical description of a respective geometry at the point, based on the respective listing of neighboring points;
executing a machine-learning algorithm on the respective feature vectors to determine blood flow rates at each of the plurality of points;
determining a second blood flow rate at a second point of interest, wherein the second point of interest of the revised three-dimensional model is a one of the plurality of points that corresponds to the first point of interest of the first three-dimensional model; and
determining and generating an output of a ratio of the second blood flow rate of the revised three-dimensional model to the first blood flow rate of the first three-dimensional model.
10. The method of claim 9 further comprising:
determining functional significance of disease at a location of the patient's vasculature upstream of the first point of interest based on the ratio.
11. The method of claim 9 , wherein the modification to the first three-dimensional model comprises removal of one or more anatomic restrictions proximal to the first point of interest or widening of a section of the first three-dimensional model.
12. The method of claim 9 , further comprising:
determining a second revised three-dimensional model; and
determining a ratio based on a blood flow rate of the second revised three-dimensional model to the first blood flow rate of the first three-dimensional model.
13. The method of claim 9 , wherein the patient-specific data further includes one or more of: data regarding a geometry of a coronary anatomy of the patient, a blood pressure of the patient, a baseline heart rate of the patient, a height of the patient, a weight of the patient, a hematocrit of the patient, or a stroke volume of the patient.
14. A non-transitory computer readable medium for use on at least one computer system containing computer-executable programming instructions for performing a method for determining patient-specific cardiovascular information, the method comprising:
receiving, at the at least one computer system, patient-specific data of a patient's anatomy, the patient-specific data including patient-specific imaging data;
generating, using the at least one computer system, a first three-dimensional model representing a portion of the patient's anatomy based on the patient-specific data by locating boundaries of lumens of coronary arteries of the patient's heart using the patient-specific imaging data;
determining a first blood flow rate within the patient's anatomy at a first point of interest in the first three-dimensional model using estimates of a blood flow characteristic associated with a plurality of individuals other than the patient;
determining a revised three-dimensional model by modifying the first three-dimensional model;
representing the revised three-dimensional model as a list including a plurality of points in three-dimensional space that form the revised three-dimensional model, the list including, for each point of the plurality of points, a respective listing of neighboring points;
generating a respective feature vector for each point of the plurality of points that includes a numerical description of a respective geometry at the point, based on the respective listing of neighboring points;
executing a machine-learning algorithm on the respective feature vectors to determine blood flow rates at each of the plurality of points;
determining a second blood flow rate at a second point of interest, wherein the second point of interest of the revised three-dimensional model is a one of the plurality of points that corresponds to the first point of interest of the first three-dimensional model; and
determining and generating an output of a ratio of the second blood flow rate of the revised three-dimensional model to the first blood flow rate of the first three-dimensional model.
15. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 14 , the method further comprising:
determining functional significance of disease at a location of the patient's vasculature upstream of the first point of interest based on the ratio.
16. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 14 , wherein the modification to the first three-dimensional model comprises removal of one or more anatomic restrictions proximal to the first point of interest or widening of a section of the first three-dimensional model.
17. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 14 , wherein the patient-specific data further includes one or more of: data regarding a geometry of a coronary anatomy of the patient, a blood pressure of the patient, a baseline heart rate of the patient, a height of the patient, a weight of the patient, a hematocrit of the patient, or a stroke volume of the patient.