Continuous and pulsed RF plasma for etching metals
Methods for etching tungsten and other metal or metal-containing films using a nitrogen-containing etchant gas are provided. The methods involve exposing the film to a continuous wave (CW) plasma and switching to a pulsed plasma toward the end of the etching operation. The pulsed plasma has a lower concentration of nitrogen radicals and can mitigate the effects of nitridation on the tungsten surface. In some embodiments, subsequent deposition on etched surfaces is performed with no nucleation delay. Apparatuses for performing the methods are also provided.
1. A method comprising:
providing a substrate having a feature partially filled with tungsten;
exposing the substrate to a fluorine- and nitrogen-based continuous wave (CW) plasma generated from one or more process gases; and
exposing the substrate to a pulsed plasma generated from the one or more process gases, wherein the tungsten is preferentially etched from the top of the feature by exposure to the CW plasma and the pulsed plasma.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein exposing the substrate to a CW plasma and exposing the substrate to a pulsed plasma comprises: igniting a plasma in a plasma processing chamber using a power supply operating in a CW mode and transitioning from the CW mode to a pulsed mode while maintaining the plasma in the plasma processing chamber.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the substrate is exposed to the CW plasma for a first duration and exposed to the pulsed plasma for a second duration, wherein the first duration is longer than the second duration.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the first duration is at least twice as long as the second duration.
5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising depositing tungsten in the feature to completely fill the feature with tungsten.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein there is no nucleation delay during the deposition of tungsten in the feature to completely fill the feature with tungsten.
7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising, after exposing the substrate to the pulsed plasma, exposing the substrate to a non-fluorine nitrogen-containing plasma to inhibit tungsten nucleation.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the non-fluorine nitrogen-containing plasma is a remotely generated plasma.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the CW plasma and the pulsed plasma are capacitively-coupled.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the CW plasma and the pulsed plasma are inductively-coupled.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the CW plasma and the pulsed plasma are generated in a chamber housing the substrate.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the duty cycle of the pulsed plasma is no more than 50%.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more process gases comprises NF 3 .
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more process gases comprises a mixture of a nitrogen-containing gas and a fluorine-containing gas.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the nitrogen-containing gas is N 2 and the fluorine-containing gas is selected from tetra-fluoro-methane (CF 4 ), tetrafluoroethylene (C 2 F 4 ), hexafluoroethane (C 2 F 6 ), and octafluoropropane (C 3 F 8 ), tri-fluoro-methane (CHF 3 ), sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6 ), and molecular fluorine (F 2 ).
16. A method comprising:
providing a substrate having a feature partially filled with tungsten;
exposing the substrate to a fluorine and nitrogen-based continuous wave (CW) plasma generated from one or more process gases; and exposing the substrate to a pulsed plasma generated from the one or more process gases, wherein the tungsten is preferentially etched from the top of the feature by exposure to the CW plasma and the pulsed plasma, wherein the CW plasma and the pulsed plasma are generated in a remote plasma generator.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the substrate is exposed to the CW plasma for a first duration and exposed to the pulsed plasma for a second duration, wherein the first duration is longer than the second duration.
18. The method of claim 16 , wherein the one or more process gases comprises a mixture of a nitrogen-containing gas and a fluorine-containing gas.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the nitrogen-containing gas is N 2 and the fluorine-containing gas is selected from tetra-fluoro-methane (CF 4 ), tetrafluoroethylene (C 2 F 4 ), hexafluoroethane (C 2 F 6 ), and octafluoropropane (C 3 F 8 ), tri-fluoro-methane (CHF 3 ), sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6 ), and molecular fluorine (F 2 ).
20. The method of claim 16 , wherein the CW plasma and the pulsed plasma are capacitively-coupled.
21. The method of claim 16 , wherein the CW plasma and the pulsed plasma are inductively-coupled.