Optical cytometry to determine cell mass changes in response to a biologically active agent
The present invention provides optical systems and methods for determining a characteristic of a cell, such as cell type, cellular response to a biochemical event, biological state and the like. The methods typically involve using interferometry to observe membrane properties in a cell and then use this information to determine one or more characteristics of a cell. The methods of the invention are useful for applications such as drug screening as well as diagnostic techniques.
1. A method for observing changes in mammalian cell mass in response to a change in environment using an interference microscope, the method comprising:
(a) placing one or more mammalian cells in an observation chamber of the interference microscope, wherein the observation chamber is adapted to form an aqueous first environment and to contain said one or more mammalian cells and wherein reflecting microparticles are disposed on said one or more cells;
(b) using phase shifting interferometry with said interference microscope to observe phase images of the mammalian cell in said first environment and determining the axial position of one or more of said reflective microparticles disposed on said one or more cells;
(c) altering the first environment to form a second environment;
(d) using phase shifting interferometry with said interference microscope to observe phase images of the mammalian cell in said second environment and determining the axial position of one or more of said reflective microparticles disposed on said one or more cells;
(e) comparing the phase images observed in (b) with the phase images observed in (d); and
(f) determining changes in the optical thickness of the cell from changes in the axial position of said one or more reflective microparticles and thereby determining the cell mass of the mammalian cell(s) resulting from said second environment.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said altering the first environment to form a second environment comprises placing a biologically active agent in said second environment.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method is used to observe changes in optical thickness of the mammalian cell(s) in response to stimuli in a plurality of mammalian cells.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method is used to observe changes in optical thickness of the mammalian cell(s) at multiple time points.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the microscope is a Michaelson interference microscope capable of observing interference fringes.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method is performed using a system comprising:
(a) a detector operatively coupled to the microscope;
(b) a sample assembly comprising the observation chamber;
(c) a reference assembly comprising a reference chamber adapted to contain a fluid;
(d) a memory storage element adapted to store one or more images of the cell(s; and
(e) a processor element adapted to process one or more images of the cell(s).
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the microscope includes a reference assembly comprising:
a first optical window;
a first housing element adapted to hold the first optical window;
a second optical window;
a second housing element adapted to hold the second optical window; and
a plurality of spacer elements disposable between the first optical window and the second optical window and adapted to separate the first and second optical windows to a defined distance.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the method comprises determining changes in the optical thickness and thereby the cell mass of the mammalian cell(s) resulting from said second environment and storing this information in the memory storage element.
9. The method of claim 1 , further comprising removing the cell(s) from the observation chamber and manipulating the cell(s) for further analysis.