Method and system for image processing to determine blood flow
Embodiments include a system for determining cardiovascular information for a patient. The system may include at least one computer system configured to receive patient-specific data regarding a geometry of the patient's heart, and create a three-dimensional model representing at least a portion of the patient's heart based on the patient-specific data. The at least one computer system may be further configured to create a physics-based model relating to a blood flow characteristic of the patient's heart and determine a fractional flow reserve within the patient's heart based on the three-dimensional model and the physics-based model.
1. An apparatus for determining a fractional flow reserve value of a patient's coronary artery system, the apparatus comprising:
at least one processor; and
at least one memory operatively connected to the processor, and storing instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to perform operations, including:
obtaining a first model of at least a portion of a non-patient-specific coronary artery system, and storing the first model in the at least one memory;
obtaining patient-specific projection data generated by a detector over time based on radiation generated by a radiation source that is associated with a contrast agent, and that has traversed the patient's aorta, wherein the detector has a plurality of rows of detection elements configured to generate the patient-specific projection data;
determining a boundary condition specific to the at least portion of the coronary artery system of the patient based on the patient-specific projection data, the boundary condition being representative of at least one blood flow characteristic at an inflow boundary, an outflow boundary, or a vessel wall boundary of the at least portion of the coronary artery system of the patient, wherein determining the boundary condition includes:
generating a three-dimensional solid model of the at least portion of the coronary artery system of the patient based on the patient-specific projection data;
determining a geometry of one or more of the inflow boundary, the outflow boundary, or the vessel wall boundary based on the three-dimensional solid model; and
one or more of:
assigning a value of the at least one blood flow characteristic based on the determined geometry; or
coupling the determined geometry to a blood flow model to determine a value of the at least one blood flow characteristic;
modifying the first model using the determined boundary condition to generate a patient-specific second model of the at least portion of the coronary artery system, and storing the patient-specific second model in the at least one memory;
determining a fractional flow reserve value by applying a fractional flow reserve value determination algorithm to the determined patient-specific second model; and
displaying the fractional flow reserve value to a user.
2. The apparatus as defined in claim 1 , wherein the boundary condition is used to determine an image showing the coronary artery system and surrounding regions, which surround vessels of the coronary artery system, over time based on the obtained patient-specific projection data, and wherein the boundary condition is used to determine an amount of blood leaving the coronary artery system based on the image as the boundary condition.
3. The apparatus as defined in claim 2 , wherein the boundary condition is used to determine the amount of blood leaving the coronary artery system based on image values of image elements showing the surrounding regions.
4. The apparatus as defined in claim 3 , wherein the boundary condition is used to determine a myocardial tissue value being indicative of an uptake of a part of the contrast agent in the myocardial tissue based on the image values of the image elements showing the surrounding regions, and wherein the boundary condition is used to determine the amount of blood leaving the coronary artery system based on the myocardial tissue value.
5. The apparatus as defined in claim 3 , wherein the boundary condition is used to determine which image elements showing the surrounding regions represent side branches of the vessels of the coronary artery system, that are too small for being represented by the provided representation of the coronary artery system, based on the image values of the image elements showing the surrounding regions, and wherein the boundary condition is used to determine the amount of blood leaving the coronary artery system through the side branches based on the determined image elements.
6. The apparatus as defined in claim 1 , wherein boundary condition is used to determine a flow velocity and/or dimensions of the coronary arteries at outlets of the coronary artery system as a boundary condition.
7. The apparatus as defined in claim 1 , wherein the operations further comprise determining anatomical and/or physiological properties of the patient, wherein the boundary condition is determined based on the anatomical and/or physiological properties of the patient.
8. The apparatus as defined in claim 7 , wherein the operations further comprise providing a cross-section area of a vessel of the coronary artery system and/or a myocardial mass and/or a ratio of diameters of a vessel and its branch of the coronary artery system and/or heart size and/or stroke volume of the heart as a property.
9. The apparatus as defined in claim 1 , wherein the fractional flow reserve value determination algorithm uses a lumped model describing the flow within the coronary artery system, and wherein parameters of the lumped model correspond to the boundary condition.
10. A method for determining a fractional flow reserve value of a patient's coronary artery system, the method comprising:
obtaining, via at least one processor, a first model of at least a portion of a non-patient-specific coronary artery system, and storing the first model in at least one memory;
obtaining, via the at least one processor, patient-specific projection data generated by a detector over time based on radiation generated by a radiation source that is associated with a contrast agent, and that has traversed the aorta of the patient, wherein the detector has a plurality of rows of detection elements configured to generate the patient-specific projection data;
determining, via the at least one processor, a boundary condition specific to the at least portion of the coronary artery system of the patient based on the patient-specific projection data, the boundary condition being representative of at least one blood flow characteristic at an inflow boundary, an outflow boundary, or a vessel wall boundary of the at least portion of the coronary artery system of the patient, wherein determining the boundary condition includes:
generating a three-dimensional solid model of the at least portion of the coronary artery system of the patient based on the patient-specific projection data;
determining a geometry of one or more of the inflow boundary, the outflow boundary, or the vessel wall boundary based on the three-dimensional solid model; and
one or more of:
assigning a value of the at least one blood flow characteristic based on the determined geometry; or
coupling the determined geometry to a blood flow model to determine a value of the at least one blood flow characteristic;
modifying, via the at least one processor, the first model using the determined boundary condition to generate a patient-specific second model of the at least portion of the coronary artery system, and storing the patient-specific second model in the at least one memory;
determining, via the at least one processor, a fractional flow reserve value by applying a fractional flow reserve value determination algorithm to the determined patient-specific second model; and
displaying, via the at least one processor, the fractional flow reserve value to a user.
11. A non-transitory computer-readable medium for use on a computer system containing computer-executable programming instructions for performing the method of claim 10 , wherein the method is carried out by an apparatus controlled by a computer.