Halo-containing anion exchange membranes and methods thereof

1. A composition comprising a structure having the formula (I):

or a salt thereof or a form thereof including a counter ion, wherein:

each and every R AF comprises a cationic moiety or a halo, wherein at least one R AF is an aryl, an alkyl, or a heteroalkyl substituted with the cationic moiety; wherein at least one R AF is an aryl, an alkyl, or a heteroalkyl substituted with the halo; and wherein each of the pendent aryl groups in formula (I) is substituted with R AF ;

each R 1 and R 3 is, independently, H, halo, optionally substituted C 1-12 alkyl, optionally substituted C 1-12 haloalkyl, optionally substituted C 1-12 perfluoroalkyl, optionally substituted C 1-12 heteroalkyl, R S , R P , R C , or R E , wherein R S is an acidic moiety comprising a sulfonyl group, R P is an acidic moiety comprising a phosphoryl group, R C is an acidic moiety comprising a carbonyl group, and R E is an electron-withdrawing moiety;

each Ar L is, independently, a bivalent linker comprising optionally substituted arylene;

each Ar M is, independently, a bivalent linker comprising optionally substituted arylene;

each q is, independently, an integer of from 0 to 5;

each a is, independently, an integer of from 0 to 5, wherein at least one a is not 0; and

m is an integer of from about 1 to 1000.

2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein at least one R AF is the aryl substituted with the cationic moiety.

3. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the cationic moiety comprises an onium cation.

4. The composition of claim 3 , wherein the onium cation comprises an ammonium cation.

5. The composition of claim 1 , wherein at least one R AF is the aryl substituted with the halo.

6. The composition of claim 1 , wherein at least one R AF is an optionally substituted C 1-12 alkyl, optionally substituted C 1-12 haloalkyl, optionally substituted C 1-12 perfluoroalkyl, optionally substituted C 1-12 heteroalkyl, halo, optionally substituted C 4-18 aryl, optionally substituted C 1-12 alk-C 4-18 aryl, optionally substituted C 4-18 aryl-C 1-12 alkoxy, optionally substituted C 4-18 aryloxy, optionally substituted C 5-19 aryloxycarbonyl, optionally substituted C 5-19 aryloyl, optionally substituted C 4-18 arylcarbonyl-C 1-12 alkyl, optionally substituted C 4-18 aryl sulfonyl, or optionally substituted C 4-18 arylsulfonyl-C 1-12 alkyl.

7. The composition of claim 6 , wherein each and every R AF comprises an optionally substituted aryl group.

8. The composition of claim 1 , wherein:

at least one R AF is -L A -Ar AF and/or -L A -Ak AF , or a salt thereof or a form thereof including a counter ion;

L A is a covalent bond, carbonyl, oxy, thio, azo, phosphonoyl, phosphoryl, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, sulfonamide, imino, imine, phosphine, nitrilo, optionally substituted C 1-12 alkylene, optionally substituted C 1-12 alkyleneoxy, optionally substituted C 1-12 heteroalkylene, optionally substituted C 1-12 heteroalkyleneoxy, optionally substituted C 4-18 arylene, or optionally substituted C 4-18 aryleneoxy;

Ar AF is an optionally substituted aryl comprising the cationic moiety or the halo; and

Ak AF is an optionally substituted alkyl comprising the cationic moiety or the halo; or an optionally substituted heteroalkyl comprising the cationic moiety or the halo.

9. The composition of claim 8 , wherein L A is a covalent bond, carbonyl, sulfonyl, —NR L3 —, —(CR L1 R L2 ) La —, —C(O)NR L3 —, —NR L3 C(O)—, —SO 2 —NR L3 —, —NR L3 —SO 2 —, —(CR L1 R L2 ) La —C(O)—NR L3 —, —(CR L1 R L2 ) La —NR L3 —C(O)—, —(CR L1 R L2 ) La —SO 2 —NR L3 —, or —SO 2 —NR L3 —(CR L1 R L2 ) La —;

wherein each of R L1 , R L2 , and R L3 is, independently, H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted haloalkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted alkaryl, optionally substituted aryl, or halo; and

wherein Ar AF or Ak AF is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, cyano, optionally substituted haloalkyl, optionally substituted perfluoroalkyl, optionally substituted nitroalkyl, and optionally substituted alkyl.

10. The composition of claim 8 , wherein the composition comprises a structure having any one of formulas (Ia) to (Ij), or a salt thereof or a form thereof including a counter ion; and wherein R AF is R A comprising the cationic moiety or R F comprising the halo.

11. The composition of claim 1 , wherein:

R S is —SO 2 —R S1 or —SO 2 —NR N1 —R S2 or —SO 2 —NR N1 —SO 2 —R S3 , wherein each R S1 is, independently, H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted haloalkyl, optionally substituted perfluoroalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted alkaryl, or hydroxyl; each R N1 is, independently, H or optionally substituted C 1-12 alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted alkaryl; each R S2 is, independently, H, hydroxyl, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylsulfonyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted alkaryl; and each R S3 is, independently, H, hydroxyl, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted C 1-12 haloalkyl, optionally substituted perfluoroalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted alkaryl;

R P is —P(O)(OH) 2 or —O—PO(OH) 2 or —P(O)<R P1 R P2 or —P(O)<R Ar R P2 or —P(O)<R Ar R Ar , and wherein each of R P1 and R P2 is, independently, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted alkaryl, optionally substituted aryloxy, hydroxyl, or H; and each of R Ar is, independently, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted alkaryl, or optionally substituted aryloxy;

R C is —CO 2 H, —C(O)—R C1 , or —R CA —C(O)—R C1 , and wherein each R C1 is, independently, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted alkaryl, optionally substituted aryloxy, hydroxyl, or H; and each R CA is, independently, oxy, optionally substituted alkylene, or optionally substituted heteroalkylene; and

R E is optionally substituted aryloyl, carboxyaldehyde, optionally substituted alkanoyl, or optionally substituted alkyl.

12. The composition of claim 1 , wherein Ar L and/or Ar M is optionally substituted phenylene, optionally substituted naphthylene, or optionally substituted phenanthrylene.

13. The composition of claim 12 , wherein the optional substitution for Ar L is R AF , R H , R S , R P , R C , or R E ; and wherein the optional substitution for Ar M is R AF , R H , R S , R P , R C , R E , or a label.

14. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises a structure having any one of formulas (I-1) to (I-8), (IV-3), (IV-5), (IV-8), (IV-10), or (IV-11), or a salt thereof or a form thereof including a counter ion;

wherein each and every R AF1 , if present, comprises the cationic moiety or the halo;

wherein each and every R A1 , if present, comprises the cationic moiety;

wherein each and every R F1 , if present, comprises the halo;

wherein L A is a covalent bond, carbonyl, oxy, thio, azo, phosphonoyl, phosphoryl, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, sulfonamide, imino, imine, phosphine, nitrilo, optionally substituted C 1-12 alkylene, optionally substituted C 1-12 alkyleneoxy, optionally substituted C 1-12 heteroalkylene, optionally substituted C 1-12 heteroalkyleneoxy, optionally substituted C 4-18 arylene, or optionally substituted C 4-18 aryleneoxy; and

wherein m is an integer of from about 1 to 500.

15. The composition of claim 14 , wherein:

R F1 is the halo, an optionally substituted aryl having the halo, an optionally substituted alkyl having the halo, or an optionally substituted heteroalkyl having the halo; and/or

R A1 is the cationic moiety, an optionally substituted aryl having the cationic moiety, an optionally substituted alkyl having the cationic moiety, or an optionally substituted heteroalkyl having with the cationic moiety.

16. A composition comprising a structure having the formula (VI) or (VII):

or a salt thereof or a form thereof including a counter ion, wherein:

each and every R AF comprises a cationic moiety or a halo, wherein at least one R AF is an aryl, an alkyl, or a heteroalkyl substituted with the cationic moiety; wherein at least one R AF is an aryl, an alkyl, or a heteroalkyl substituted with the halo; and wherein each of the pendent aryl groups in formula (VI) or (VII) is substituted with R AF ;

each R 1 and R 3 is, independently, H, halo, optionally substituted C 1-12 alkyl, optionally substituted C 1-12 haloalkyl, optionally substituted C 1-12 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C 1-12 perfluoroalkyl, R S , R P , R C , or R E , wherein R S is an acidic moiety comprising a sulfonyl group, R P is an acidic moiety comprising a phosphoryl group, R C is an acidic moiety comprising a carbonyl group, and R E is an electron-withdrawing moiety;

each Ar L is, independently, a bivalent linker comprising optionally substituted arylene;

each Ar M is, independently, a bivalent linker comprising optionally substituted arylene;

each q is, independently, an integer of from 0 to 5;

each a is, independently, an integer of from 0 to 5, wherein at least one h is not 0;

each of m and n is, independently, an integer of from about 1 to 1000;

L′ is a sublink;

Ar* is a hydrophobic segment; and

each R L is, independently, a reactive end group.

17. The composition of claim 16 , wherein L′ comprises a covalent bond, optionally substituted C 1-12 alkylene, optionally substituted C 1-12 alkyleneoxy, optionally substituted C 1-12 heteroalkylene, optionally substituted C 1-12 heteroalkyleneoxy, optionally substituted C 4-18 arylene, optionally substituted C 4-18 aryleneoxy, optionally substituted polyphenylene, or a structure of formula (II).

18. The composition of claim 16 , wherein R L is optionally substituted C 7-11 aryloyl or optionally substituted C 6-18 aryl.

19. The composition of claim 16 , wherein the composition comprises a structure having the formula (VIa) to (VId), or a salt thereof or a form thereof including a counter ion; or the formula (VIII) or (VIIIa), or a salt thereof or a form thereof including a counter ion.

20. An anion exchange membrane comprising the composition of claim 1 .