Pre-warped rotors for control of magnet-stator gap in axial flux machines
An assembly for use in an axial flux motor or generator includes a rotor plate and a magnet, the magnet having a surface that is orthogonal to a magnetization direction of the magnet. The rotor plate is adapted to engage a rotor shaft that rotates about an axis of rotation, and the magnet is attached to the rotor plate. The rotor plate and magnet are configured and arranged such that, if the rotor plate and the magnet are separated from all other magnetic field generating components, then a distance between a first plane that intercepts a first point on the surface and to which the axis of rotation is normal and a second plane that intercepts a second point on the surface and to which the axis of rotation is normal is substantially greater than zero.
1. An axial flux motor or generator, comprising:
a rotor shaft that rotates about an axis of rotation;
a first rotor plate engaged with the rotor shaft;
a first magnet attached to the first rotor plate, the first magnet having a first surface that is orthogonal to a magnetization direction of the first magnet;
a second rotor plate engaged with the rotor shaft;
a second magnet attached to the second rotor plate such that a first magnetic flux is generated within a gap between the first and second magnets; and
a stator disposed within the gap, the stator being configured to selectively generate a second magnetic flux that interacts with the first magnetic flux so as to cause the rotor shaft, the first rotor plate, and the first magnet to rotate in unison, wherein:
the first rotor plate and first magnet are configured and arranged such that, if the first rotor plate and the first magnet were separated from all other magnetic field-generating components, then a distance between a first plane that intercepts a first point on the first surface and to which the axis of rotation is normal and a second plane that intercepts a second point on the first surface and to which the axis of rotation is normal would be substantially greater than zero, and
the first and second rotor plates are positioned such that the first magnetic flux causes the distance between the first and second planes to be substantially equal to zero.
2. The axial flux motor or generator of claim 1 , wherein:
the first rotor plate has an annular shape with an opening at its center; and
the rotor shaft is disposed within the opening.
3. The axial flux motor or generator of claim 2 , wherein the first magnet comprises a ring magnet with alternating magnetic poles.
4. The axial flux motor or generator of claim 3 , wherein a portion of the first rotor plate to which the first magnet is attached has a shape of a right conical frustum.
5. The axial flux motor or generator of claim 2 , wherein the first magnet is one of a plurality of individual magnets that are disposed on the first rotor plate at respective angular positions about the axis of rotation.
6. The axial flux motor or generator of claim wherein:
the first magnet has an inner edge disposed at the second point;
the first magnet has an outer edge that is opposite the inner edge and disposed at the first point; and
the first rotor plate and first magnet are further configured and arranged such that, if the first rotor plate and the first magnet were separated from all other magnetic field-generating components, then a ratio of the distance between the first and second planes and a distance between the first and second points would be greater than 0.002.
7. The axial flux motor or generator of claim 6 , wherein:
the first rotor plate, the first magnet, the second rotor plate, and the second magnet are configured and arranged such that the ratio of the distance between the first and second planes and the distance between the first and second points is a first value; and
the first rotor plate and first magnet are further configured and arranged such that, if the first rotor plate and the first magnet were separated from all other magnetic field-generating components, then the ratio of the distance between the first and second planes and the distance between the first and second points would be a second value that is at least two times the first value.
8. The axial flux motor or generator of claim 1 , further comprising:
a case at least partially enclosing the first rotor plate, the first magnet, the stator, the second rotor plate, the second magnet, and a portion of the rotor shaft, wherein:
the first rotor plate, the first magnet, the second rotor plate, the second magnet, and the rotor shaft are movable relative the case, and
the stator is fixed relative to the case.
9. The axial flux motor or generator of claim 8 , further comprising:
at least one bearing disposed between the case and the rotor shaft to allow relative movement between the case and the rotor shaft.
10. The axial flux motor or generator of claim 1 , wherein the first surface faces the stator.
11. The axial flux motor or generator of claim 1 , wherein:
the first surface of the first magnet faces away from the first rotor plate;
the first point is at a larger radial distance from the axis of rotation than the second point; and
the first rotor plate and the first magnet are further configured and arranged such that, if the first rotor plate and the first magnet were separated from all other magnetic field-generating components, then a ray that extends away from the first surface at the first point and is normal to the first surface would intercept the second plane.
12. The axial flux motor or generator of claim 11 , wherein the first rotor plate and the first magnet are further configured and arranged such that, if the first rotor plate and the first magnet were separated from all other magnetic field-generating components, then an angle between the ray and the first plane would be substantially less than 90 degrees.
13. The axial flux motor or generator of claim 11 , wherein:
the first magnet has an inner edge disposed at the second point;
the first magnet has an outer edge that is opposite the inner edge and disposed at the first point; and
the first rotor plate and first magnet are further configured and arranged such that, if the first rotor plate and the first magnet were separated from all other magnetic field-generating components, then a ratio of the distance between the first and second planes and a distance between the first and second points would be greater than 0.002.
14. The axial flux motor or generator of claim 1 , wherein:
the second point is at a larger radial distance from the axis of rotation than the first point;
the first and second points contact a second surface of the first rotor plate at first and second locations, respectively;
the first and second rotor plates are positioned such that the second plane is on a first side of the first plane; and
the first rotor plate and the first magnet are further configured and arranged such that, if the first rotor plate and the first magnet were separated from all other magnetic field-generating components, then:
a ray that extends away from and is normal to the second surface at the second location would intercept the first plane, and
the second plane would remain on the first side of the first plane.
15. A method for forming an axial flux motor or generator, comprising:
attaching a first magnet to a first rotor plate, the first magnet having a first surface that is orthogonal to a magnetization direction of the first magnet;
engaging the first rotor plate with a rotor shaft that is configured to rotate about an axis of rotation, wherein the first rotor plate is configured such that, after the first magnet is attached to the first rotor plate, a distance between a first plane that intercepts a first point on the first surface and to which the axis of rotation is normal and a second plane that intercepts a second point on the first surface and to which the axis of rotation is normal is substantially greater than zero; and
engaging a second rotor plate with the rotor shaft such that:
a first magnetic flux that is generated within a gap between the first magnet and a second magnet attached to the second rotor plate causes the distance between the first and second planes to be substantially equal to zero, and
a stator is disposed within the gap, wherein the stator is configured to selectively generate a second magnetic flux that interacts with the first magnetic flux so as to cause the rotor shaft, the first rotor plate, and the first magnet to rotate in unison.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the first rotor plate has an annular shape with an opening at its center, the opening being adapted to receive the rotor shaft.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the first magnet comprises a ring magnet with alternating magnetic poles.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein a portion of the first rotor plate to which the first magnet is attached has a shape of a right conical frustum.
19. The method of claim 15 , wherein the first magnet is one of a plurality of individual magnets that are disposed on the first rotor plate at respective angular positions about the axis of rotation.
20. The method of claim 15 , wherein:
the first magnet has an inner edge disposed at the second point;
the first magnet has an outer edge that is opposite the inner edge and disposed at the first point; and
after the first magnet is attached to the first rotor plate and before the second rotor plate is engaged with the rotor shaft, a ratio of the distance between the first and second planes and a distance between the first and second points is greater than 0.002.
21. The method of claim 20 , wherein:
after the first magnet is attached to the first rotor plate and before the second rotor plate is engaged with the rotor shaft, the ratio of the distance between the first and second planes and the distance between the first and second points is a first value; and
after the second rotor plate is engaged with the rotor shaft, the ratio of the distance between the first and second planes and the distance between the first and second points is a second value, wherein the first value is at least two times the second value.
22. The method of claim 15 , wherein the first and second rotor plates are engaged with the rotor shaft such that the first surface faces the stator.
23. The method of claim 15 , wherein:
the first surface of the first magnet faces away from the first rotor plate;
the first point is at a larger radial distance from the axis of rotation than the second point; and
the first rotor plate is further configured such that, after the first magnet is attached to the first rotor plate and before the second rotor plate is engaged with the rotor shaft, a ray that extends away from the first surface at the first point and is normal to the first surface intercepts the second plane.
24. The method of claim 23 , wherein:
after the first magnet is attached to the first rotor plate and before the second rotor plate is engaged with the rotor shaft, an angle between the ray and the first plane is substantially less than 90 degrees.
25. The method of claim 23 , wherein, after the first magnet is attached to the first rotor plate and before the second rotor plate is engaged with the rotor shaft:
the first magnet has an inner edge disposed at the second point;
the first magnet has an outer edge that is opposite the inner edge and disposed at the first point; and
a ratio of the distance between the first and second planes and a distance between the first and second points is greater than 0.002.
26. The method of claim 15 , wherein:
the second point is at a larger radial distance from the axis of rotation than the first point;
the first and second points contact a second surface of the first rotor plate at first and second locations, respectively; and
the first rotor plate is further configured such that, after the first magnet is attached to the first rotor plate and before the second rotor plate is engaged with the rotor shaft, a ray that extends away from and is normal to the second surface at the second location intercepts the first plane.