Soil and water remediation method and apparatus for treatment of recalcitrant halogenated substances
Disclosed are methods, apparatuses and systems for the remediation of contaminated soils, groundwater, water, and/or waste using a combination of reagents. The disclosed methods may be used to treat various recalcitrant halogenated substances, such as perfluoroalkyls and polyfluoroalkyls. Particular combinations of reagents that may be used in the disclosed methods include but are not limited to: (1) persulfate, oxygen and ozone; (2) persulfate, salt, oxygen and ozone; (3) persulfate, phosphate, and/or oxygen; (4) persulfate, phosphate, oxygen and ozone; (5) persulfate, phosphate, salt and oxygen (6) persulfate, phosphate, salt, oxygen and ozone; (7) oxygen and salt; and (8) air and salt. The disclosed methods may enhance destruction of organic contaminants in the liquid phase and may also control the rate of aerosol or foam formation relative to the rate of chemical oxidation and/or reduction/transfer.
1. A method of removing poly and/or per fluorinated alkyl hydrocarbons from water, the method comprising:
passing air, oxygen or nitrogen bubbles through an aqueous phase contaminated with a contaminant comprising polyfluorinated alkyl hydrocarbons and/or perfluorinated alkyl hydrocarbons;
transferring the contaminant to a foam separate from the aqueous phase;
separating the foam from the aqueous phase; and
destroying at least a portion of the contaminant in the foam by oxidation.
2. The method of claim 1 comprising adding a salt to the aqueous phase.
3. The method of claim 1 comprising destroying at least a portion of the contaminant in the foam by adding at least two of persulfate, ozone, hydrogen peroxide, oxygen and salt.
4. The method of claim 3 comprising adding ozone and persulfate.
5. The method of claim 1 further comprising removing at least a portion of the contaminant from the foam.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein the portion of the contaminant removed from the foam is removed using at least one of solid phase extraction, liquid-liquid extraction, filtration, distillation or adsorption.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein greater than 20% of the contaminant is transferred from the aqueous phase to the foam.
8. The method of claim 1 comprising adding an oligosaccharide to the water.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the foam comprises an oligosaccharide.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein the oligosaccharide comprises cyclodextrin.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein the pH of the aqueous phase is greater than 5.0.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein the pH of the aqueous phase is greater than 8.0.