Method and an apparatus for determining a presence or an amount of a polyamine or its derivative in a sample
A method and an apparatus for determining a presence or an amount of a polyamine or its derivative in a sample, the method including: applying the sample on an electrochemical detector having a substance selection structure, wherein the substance selection structure is sensitive to the polyamine or its derivative; applying at least one voltage bias to the electrochemical detector; and detecting a change of electrical characteristics of the electrochemical detector so as to determine the presence or the amount of the polyamine or its derivative in the sample.
1. An electrochemical apparatus, comprising:
a substance selection structure including a spermine-specific molecular imprinted polymer layer specifically configured to chemically bind with spermine in a sample; and
an electronic device in electrical connection with the spermine-specific molecular imprinted polymer layer;
wherein when the sample is in contact with the spermine-specific molecular imprinted polymer layer, the chemical binding of spermine in the sample with the spermine-specific molecular imprinted polymer layer changes an electrical characteristic of the electronic device for indicating presence or an amount of spermine in the sample.
2. The electrochemical apparatus in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the sample includes a biological sample.
3. The electrochemical apparatus in accordance with claim 2 , wherein the biological sample includes a urine sample and the spermine is urinary spermine.
4. The electrochemical apparatus in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the change of electrical characteristics of the electronic device is induced by a change in a differential capacitance of the substance selection structure.
5. The electrochemical apparatus in accordance with claim 4 , wherein the change of electrical characteristics of the electronic device is induced by a change in permittivity and/or change in dielectric constant of the spermine-specific molecular imprinted polymer layer as a result of the spermine in the sample chemically binding with the spermine-specific molecular imprinted polymer layer.
6. The electrochemical apparatus in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the electronic device includes a transistor.
7. The electrochemical apparatus in accordance with claim 6 , wherein the substance selection structure is in electrical communication with a gate electrode of the transistor.
8. The electrochemical apparatus in accordance with claim 6 , wherein the substance selection structure is arranged to operate as a gate electrode of the transistor.
9. The electrochemical apparatus in accordance with claim 6 , wherein the electrical characteristic includes a threshold voltage of the transistor.
10. The electrochemical apparatus in accordance with claim 6 , wherein the electrical characteristic includes a saturation drain current across the transistor under a predetermined gate bias and a predetermined source-drain bias.
11. The electrochemical apparatus in accordance with claim 10 , wherein the gate bias is applied across the sample on applied on the substance selection structure, the substance selection structure and the transistor.
12. The electrochemical apparatus in accordance with claim 10 , wherein the spermine-specific molecular imprinted polymer layer has a thickness of about 50 μm to 100 μm.
13. The electrochemical apparatus in accordance with claim 6 , wherein the transistor comprises a thin-film transistor.
14. The electrochemical apparatus in accordance with claim 6 , wherein the transistor comprises metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor.
15. The electrochemical apparatus in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the electrochemical apparatus is a prostate cancer screening device.
16. The electrochemical apparatus in accordance with claim 15 , wherein the prostate cancer screening device is a portable device.
17. The electrochemical apparatus in accordance with claim 15 , wherein the prostate cancer screening device is a handheld device.
18. A prostate cancer screening device, comprising:
a substance selection structure including a spermine-specific molecular imprinted polymer layer specifically configured to chemically bind with urinary spermine in a urine sample of a subject; and
a transistor in electrical connection with the spermine-specific molecular imprinted polymer layer;
wherein when the urine sample is in contact with the spermine-specific molecular imprinted polymer layer, the chemical binding of urinary spermine in the urine sample with the spermine-specific molecular imprinted polymer layer changes an electrical characteristic of the transistor for indicating presence or an amount of urinary spermine in the urine sample hence a possibility of the subject suffering from prostate cancer.